【正文】 其基本概念是原文從一個(gè)角度下筆，譯文恰恰從相反的角度下筆。 they speak of the past as being behind them and the future ahead. f this discrepancy were not known or ignored on the part of the translator, translations about time would be inprehensible. David Katan argues that “a basic presupposition is that the anization of experience is not ?reality?, but is a simplification and distortion that varies from culture to culture. Each culture acts as a frame within which external signs or ?reality? are interpreted.”(Katan,1999:1) People understand their experiences in different ways and believe that this way leads to the truth, so culture is actually the unique interpretation of people to certain experiences. Therefore, Katan frames culture and regards translators and interpreters as mediators Daniel Shaw, a Bible translation expert like Nida, has formulated his theory that is also applicable to general translations. What is special about his theory is that he approaches crosscultural translation from an anthropological perspective. He believes that a translator should understand the reality from a nation?s world view. The more the experience of source culture and target culture over laps, the more the target readers can understand the source information. The various types of cultures have been formed on the basis of their economy, and the modes of production really decide people?s cultural types and lifestyles. As to dealing with the cultural factors in translation, in his opinion, translators should first understand the source culture and then the target culture, and finally build a bridge between the two cultures. The translated version should not be felt like a translation, but an original version, and at the same time it should faithfully transmit the original information. A translation process should be first to identify the meaning of source information, and then to transfer the original text meaning into the target culture by using various means of translation. Because Shaw mainly studies Bible translation, he advocates 6 domestication in translation. In his theory, to let the readers understand the translation without a lot of difficulties is more important than to introduce foreign cultures to them. Under certain circumstances, this is true, but it is still up to the purpose of translation, the text type, the author? intention and the reader?s academic attainments. 7 3 Differences between Chinese and Western Cultures Reflected in the Languages Historical Cultural Difference The historical cultural difference refers to the culture formed by the special history development process and the culture accumulated by the social heritage. Every nation and country develops differently, so the historical culture deposited from the long history definitely differs from each other. In both Chinese and English languages have formed by the historical literary idioms. These idioms, although simple in structure, carry on farreaching significance, which are hard to understand and translate only from the literal meaning. Every language has colorful proverbs, idioms, they are accumulations by the people of all ethnic groups in the longterm use of language, possessing strong individuality and local color。指在渾濁的水中摸魚(yú)。反面著筆的方法在實(shí)際翻譯中如果用的恰到好處，常常會(huì) 使譯者絕處縫生，是英漢翻譯中非常有用的一個(gè)技巧。（ The custom culture refers to the activities, which formed by nationality39。 0 Contents Ⅰ . The Introduction ……………………………………………..………………… .1 Language and Culture …... ...................................................................................1 The Relation between Translation and Culture…………………….…………… .1 Ⅱ . Literature Review… …………………………………………………………… 3 Nida?s Concept of Functional Equivalence…………………………… …… …. 3 Nida?s View on Translation and Culture………………………………………. 3 Susan Basst?s View on Culture Translation………………………………… .4 Other Views on Culturerelated Translation…………………………………… ..4 Ⅲ .Differences between Chinese and Western Cultures Reflected in the Languages……………………………………………………………………………………… 7 Historical Cultural Difference……………………………… ……………… … ...7 Different Geographical and Regional Environments…… ……… …………… ..7 Different Modes of Thinking………………….……………….……………… .8 Ⅳ . Several methods of Chinese idiom translation…………..…………………… 9 Metaphrase…………………………………………………………………… ..9 Literal Translation …………………………………………… …………… .9 Replacement……………………………………………………………….. 10 Paraphrase……………………………………………………………………....1 3 Negation…………………… ……………………………………………… .13 Substitution………………………………………………………………… .14 Substitute abstract concept for concrete images………………………… .15 Substitute concrete images for abstract concept………………………… .15 Additional remarks amp。 ”But the English idiom “l(fā)ikes a rat in a hole”, whose image is a mouse, which is stranded in a hole. It is in an extremely difficult situation. These two scenes agree without prior consultation but happen to hold the same view. Though the translators replaced the image, the foreign readers have no difficulty to understand its meaning. The similar Chinese idioms included: ⑷ 膽小如鼠 —— As timid as a rabbit ⑸ 揮金如土 —— Spend money like water ⑹ 東張西望 —— Look right and left ⑺ 緣木求魚(yú) —— Seek a hare in hen?s nest ⑻ 拋磚引玉 —— To throw a sprat to catch a herring So, familiar images of the target language are often used to replace those of the source 12 language. It is very regret that the foreign readers cannot understand the exotic atmosphere of Chinese culture. (ⅲ ) Chinese idioms share similar images but different culture messages and connotation with the target language. Some Chinese idioms and English idioms are almost the same in the expression form, but the mendatory or derogatory meaning, which the idioms contained, is different. So th