【正文】 power, stakeholder,impetusnew er to managing change (1) 3Phase (Lewin’ s notion) ? Unfreezing:change effort to overe the pressures of both individual group conformity, ? implementation, equilibrium state ? Refreezing or institutionalization:stabilizing a change intervention by balancing. Sustained over time,prevent from being short lived reverting to the previous ? the analysis of driving forces: forces that direct behavior away from the status quo. constrainting forces: forces that hinder movement away achieved in 1 of the 3 ways,bine the 1st 2 to managing change (1)5steps Action research ? A change process based on systematic collection of data then selection of a change action based on what the analyzed data indicate ? diagnosis:gathering information about problems ? analysis:synthesized this information into primary concerns,problem areas, possible actions ? feedback:sharing with what has been found from ? action:carry out the specific action to correct ? evaluation:the effectiveness of the actions,using the initial data gathered as points of reference. Change issues in the 1990s (1) stimulating anizational innovation ? A new idea applied to initiating or improving a products, process or service ? structural variables:anic positively influence innovation。 long tenure in is associated with . where there are slack resource,bearing the cost of 。puterization ? physi