【正文】 如果我們兩國(guó)互相敵視，那么我們共同擁有的這個(gè)世界的前途就會(huì)暗淡無(wú)光。響應(yīng)召喚而獻(xiàn)身的美國(guó)青年的墳?zāi)贡榧叭颉? ?ETHOS ——represents the character or image ?從詞源來(lái)說(shuō) ethos源于希臘語(yǔ)詞 ethikos，表示“ moral or showing moral character‖。因?yàn)槲乙言谀銈兒腿艿纳系勖媲?，宣讀了我們的先輩在 170多年前擬定的莊嚴(yán)誓言。此時(shí)此刻，通過(guò)電訊的奇跡，在觀看、在聆聽(tīng)我們的講話的人數(shù)是空前的。無(wú)論我們哪一方都不企圖侵占對(duì)方的領(lǐng)土；無(wú)論哪一方都不企圖控制對(duì)方；無(wú)論我們哪一方都不企圖伸手去主宰這個(gè)世界。 but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle, year in and year out, rejoicing in hope。 當(dāng)人有了情緒 （ 如憤怒 、 同情 、 恐懼等 ） ， 身體就在 suffer和endure。 ?Examples of public speeches ?1. First Inaugural Address by J. F. Kennedy ?2. Toast by R. Nixon in 1972 ? We observe today not a victory of party, but a celebration of freedom, symbolizing an end, as well as a beginning。問(wèn)心無(wú)愧是我們唯一可靠的獎(jiǎng)賞，歷史是我們行動(dòng)的最終裁判，讓我們走向前去，引導(dǎo)我們所熱愛(ài)的國(guó)家。 一萬(wàn)年太久 ， 只爭(zhēng)朝夕 。 ?And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country. ?My fellow citizens of the world, ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man. ?因此，美國(guó)同胞們，不要問(wèn)國(guó)家能為你們做些什么、而要問(wèn)你們能為國(guó)家做些什么。 ? A few examples of Pathos appeals: ? a. Appeal to Fear – The speaker arouses fear in the audience by describing something bad that could happen, then tells the audience that the can be relieved of that fear by simply doing what the speaker desires. ? b. Appeal to Social Support – The speaker tells the audience that their perspective is a popular one. The audience is supposed to think that because the position is so popular, it must have some merit. ?c. Appeal to Scarcity – The speaker shows the audience how they can get some more of a scarce modity (usually time or money) by doing what the speaker desires. ?d. Appeal to Authority – The speaker tells the audience that people ―in the know‖ support the speaker’s perspective. ?LOGOS ——represents the logical argument ?Logos這個(gè)希臘語(yǔ)詞所代表的意思就是邏輯性和條理性。 ?在前蘇格拉底時(shí)代的哲學(xué)里， logos表示“人類對(duì)宇宙認(rèn)識(shí)的理論”；在猶太教信奉的舊約圣經(jīng)里， logos表示“ the word of God‖，翻譯過(guò)來(lái)就是“創(chuàng)造萬(wàn)物的力量”，是上帝與人類交流的媒介。 ?全世界的公民們，不要問(wèn)美國(guó)將為你們做些 什么 ，而要問(wèn)我們共同能為人類的自由做些什么。 ” ?現(xiàn)在正是只爭(zhēng)朝夕的時(shí)候了 ， 是我們兩國(guó)人民去攀登偉大事業(yè)的高峰 ， 締造一個(gè)新的 、 更美好的世界的時(shí)