【正文】 otherwise they represented a potentially dangerous source of friction and ） Economic exchange was clearly very important as the Roman army brought with it very substantial spending power. Locally a fort had two kinds of impact. Its large population needed food and other supplies. ■ Some of these were certainly brought from long distances, but demands were inevitably placed on the local area. ■ Although goods could be requisitioned, they were usually paid for, and this probably stimulated changes in the local economy.■ When not campaigning, soldiers needed to be occupied。s conquest of Britain in the first century ., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy. 】 Assessing the impact of the army on the civilian population starts from the realization that the soldiers were always unevenly distributed across the country. Areas rapidly incorporated into the empire were not long affected by the military. Where the army remained stationed, its presence was much more influential. The imposition of a military base involved the requisition of native lands for both the fort and the territory needed to feed and exercise the soldiers39。 animals. 【經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的影響】 The imposition of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in local government, so social development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown. 【政治方面的影響】 This then meant that the military had to remain to suppress rebellion and anize government.【影響的結(jié)果】 requisition n. 征用； (財產(chǎn)或材料的正式 )征用令；申請書 vt. 征用 ,征發(fā) imposition n. 強(qiáng)加 ,被迫接受；過分的要求 ,不合理的負(fù)擔(dān)； 稅收 paragraph 2Economic exchange was clearly very important as the Roman army brought with it very substantial spending power. Locally a fort had two kinds of impact. Its large population needed food and other supplies. Some of these were certainly brought from long distances, but demands were inevitably placed on the local area. Although goods could be requisitioned, they were usually paid for, and this probably stimulated changes in the local economy. When not campaigning, soldiers needed to be occupied。s arguments against climax and biome are largely valid against ecosystems as well. Furthermore, the number of interactions is so great that they are difficult to analyze, even with the help of large puters. Finally, younger ecologists have found ecological problems involving behavior and lifehistory adaptations more attractive than measuring physical constants. Nevertheless, one still speaks of the ecosystem when referring to a local association of animals and plants, usually without paying much attention to the energy aspects. paragraph 2Clements and other early ecologists saw almost lawlike regularity in the order of succession, but that has not been substantiated. A general trend can be recognized, but the details are usually unpredictable. Succession is influenced by many factors: the nature of the soil, exposure to sun and wind, regularity of precipitation, chance colonizations, and many other random processes. 1According to paragraph 2, which of the following is a criticism of Clements39。 備用的 on an ad hoc basis (as needed) regiment n. (軍隊的 )團(tuán)；大量的人或物 vt. 嚴(yán)格地管制 。 TPO19 閱讀 The Roman Army39。s auxiliary regiments of the Roman army? ○Membership in these regiments reached its highest point during the reign of the emperor Hadrian（ H的時間不在 peak 范圍內(nèi)） ○Most of the units recruited in Britain were sent to Morocco and other stations outside Europe （ most） ○Soldiers served in the regiments for many years and after retirement gengerally stayed where they had been stationed（此題提到兩個去處，選項只提到一個） ○Most of the regiments stationed on the frontier were new units transferred from a neighboring province（ Newly raised regiments were normally transferred to another province from whence it was unlikely that individual recruits would ever ） 10According to paragraph 4, all of the following changes could be seen in the frontier garrisons by the later Roman period EXCEPT ○Membership in the units passed from father to son（ service in units became effectively hereditary） ○Fewer soldiers were stationed at the forts（ only rarely transferred） ○Soldiers usually were not transferred to different locations （ only rarely transferred） ○Frontier units became more effective and proficient （ were no longer populated or maintained at full strength 與 proficient 相反） 第四段 The army also provided a means of personal advancement for auxiliary soldiers recruited from the native peoples, as a man obtained hereditary Roman citizenship on retirement after service in an auxiliary regiment.【軍隊對個人改善，承接結(jié)婚？】 Such units recruited on an ad hoc (as needed) basis from the area in which they were stationed, and there was evidently largescale recruitment within Britain. 【招募的地方】 The total numbers were at least 12,500 men up to the reign of the emperor Hadrian (. 117138), with a peak around . 80.【招募的人數(shù)， peak】 Although a small proportion of the total population, this perhaps had a massive local impact when a large proportion of the young men were removed from an area. 【巨大影響】 Newly raised regiments were normally transferred to another province from whence it was unlikely that individual recruits would ever return. 【解釋巨大影響，遣散的對象去處 1 回家】 Most units raised in Britain went elsewhere on the European continent, although one is recorded in Morocco. 【 2 其他地方】 The reverse process brought young men to Britain, where many continued to live after their 20 to 25 years of service, and this added to the cosmopolitan Roman character of the frontier population.【去其他的士兵的影響】 By the later Roman period, frontier garrisons (groups of soldiers) were only rarely transferred, service