【正文】 The method uses regression coefficients to obtain estimates of means.Results Because the NHANES II data were collected before the remendations above were issued, they do not reflect their impact。本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文文獻(xiàn)、資料題目：Fruit and Vegetables in the American Diet: Data from the NHANES 11 Survey文獻(xiàn)、資料來(lái)源： American Journal of Public Health 文獻(xiàn)、資料發(fā)表（出版）日期：1990院 （部）： 市政與環(huán)境工程學(xué)院專 業(yè)： 生物工程班 級(jí)： 生物092姓 名： 吳世英學(xué) 號(hào)： 2009041150指導(dǎo)教師： 張超翻譯日期： 山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文外文文獻(xiàn) ： Fruit and Vegetables in the American Diet: Data from the NHANES 11 Survey BLOSSOM H. PArrERSON, MA, GLADYS BLOCK, PHD, WILLIAM F. ROSENBERGER, MPHIL,DAVID PEE, MPHIL, AND LISA L. KAHLE, BAAbstract Twentyfour hour dietary recall data from the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (197680) were used to estimate the numbers of servings of fruit and vegetables consumed by Black and White adults, to examine the types of servings (., potatoes, garden vegetables, fruit, and juice), and to estimate the mean intake of calories, fat, dietary fiber, and vitamins A and C by number of servings. An estimated 45 percent of the population had no servings of fruit or juice and 22 percent had no servings of a vegetable on the recall day. Only 27 percent consumed the three or more servings of vegetables and 29 percent had the two or more servings of fruit remended by the US Departments of Agriculture and of Health and Human Services。 we report on 10,313 White and 1,335 Black adults ages 19 to 74. We excluded other races because of small numbers, as well as imputed, unreliable, or surrogate data. Results are based on weighted data, permitting inference about the total Black and White noninstitutionalized US Group means and standard errors were calculated using software appropriate for plex sample survey Standard errors are frequently large for Blacks, due to their small number in the survey. Therefore, results for Blacks should be viewed with caution. Conversely, standard errors for Whites are small due to the very large sample size, so that small differences in intake, while not biologically meaningful, could be statistically significant. Dietary interviews were conducted by interviewers with a knowledge of food preparation and nutrient position. A measure of portion size was obtained using threedimensional food models, as well as dishes and glassware of various sizes. Subjects were asked to report all food and drink consumed in the 24hour period before the interview day. Almost all recall days were weekdays. Food codes, food weight, and nutrient values were based on data from the USDA, industry, and other The coding of these foods has been described elsewhere. Based on reported portion sizes, the number of grams consumed was calculated and included on the 24hour recall tape for each food reported by each respondent. We converted the number of grams reported for each fruit and vegetable into a number of servings as follows. We used as a guide suggested serving sizes given by a food guidance system developed to help implement the USDA/DHHS dietary For fruits, a serving is defined as an average piece of whole fruit or six ounces of fruit juice, and for vegetables, onehalf cup, cooked or raw. An examination of a sample of actual food records showed that some reported amounts of fruit or vegetables, such as a slice of onion on a hamburger, or lemon juice added to tea, were too small to be considered a serving, while others were so large that theyshould be considered as more than a single serving. We chose a lower limit of one ounce (30 grams) for any serving of a fruit or vegetable, and two ounces (62 grams) for fruit juice. Small lower limits on a single serving were chosen so as not to eliminate portions consumed by persons with small appetites. This choice may result in some overestimation of the pro portions eating one or more servings on the recall day. We chose an upper limit for a single serving so that a large portion (eaten on a single occasion) would be treated as more than a single serving. A single portion of a fruit or vegetable was considered to be at most two servings so as not to overestimate the number of servings of big eaters. Juice consumed on a single eating occasion was considered (at most) three servings. In order to convert a large portion of whole fruit or vegetables into two servings, we determined a representative or typical number of grams in a half cup serving of vegetables, and the weight of an average piece of fruit, using weights given for the most popular39。t enough to eat, but because they eat too many of the wrong things or too little of the right,17 according to the USDA. Based on 24hour recall data, we found that 91 percent of the adult US population did not meet the USDA/DHHS remendation that two to three servings of fruit and three to five servings of vegetables be eaten daily. Our method of defining a serving in terms of the number of grams eaten at any given meal, as opposed to the total number of grams consumed during the entire 24hour period, may have resulted in some bias in the estimation of number of servings. Small portions (weighing less than an ounce) might sum to a serving over the course of a day, resulting in an underestimation. This bias is probably minimal because of the small lower limits (one ounce of fruit or vegetable) used in the estimation. Conversely, these small limits might result in an overestimation of the number of servings。 even among those who had two servings of a vegetable on the recall day,21 percent had two servings of the same vegetable (other than a garden vegetable). For fruit and fruit juice, about threefourths had at most a single serving. Studies that have assessed health benefits from vegetable consumption found them primarily for garden We found that less than half the population had a garden vegetable on the recall day. As in the paper on food choices,39