【正文】 sually in equilibrium. They change relatively little through time unless the environment itself changes. For Clements, the climax was a superanism, an anic entity. Even some authors who accepted the climax concept rejected Clements39。s arguments against climax and biome are largely valid against ecosystems as well. Furthermore, the number of interactions is so great that they are difficult to analyze, even with the help of large puters. Finally, younger ecologists have found ecological problems involving behavior and lifehistory adaptations more attractive than measuring physical constants. Nevertheless, one still speaks of the ecosystem when referring to a local association of animals and plants, usually without paying much attention to the energy aspects. paragraph 2Clements and other early ecologists saw almost lawlike regularity in the order of succession, but that has not been substantiated. A general trend can be recognized, but the details are usually unpredictable. Succession is influenced by many factors: the nature of the soil, exposure to sun and wind, regularity of precipitation, chance colonizations, and many other random processes. 1According to paragraph 2, which of the following is a criticism of Clements39。 承襲的 whence adv. 從何處 ,從那里 paragraph 5This process of settling in as a munity over several generations, bined with local recruitment, presumably accounts for the apparent stability of the British northern frontier in the later Roman period. It also explains why some of the forts continued in occupation long after Rome ceased to have any formal authority in Britain, at the beginning of the fifth century . The circumstances that had allowed natives to bee Romanized also led the selfsustaining military munity of the frontier area to bee effectively British. 11Why does the author mention that some of the forts continued in occupation long after Rome ceased to have any formal authority in Britain? ○To emphasize the degree to which the stability of the British northern frontier depended on firm military control（無(wú)） ○To suggest that the Romans continued to occupy Britain even after they had formally given up the right to do so（無(wú)） ○To support the claim that fort continued to serve an important economic function even after they ceased to be of any miliary use（ economic無(wú)中生有） ○To describe one of the things that resulted from frontier garrisons39。 animals. 【經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的影響】 The imposition of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in local government, so social development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown. 【政治方面的影響】 This then meant that the military had to remain to suppress rebellion and anize government.【影響的結(jié)果】 requisition n. 征用； (財(cái)產(chǎn)或材料的正式 )征用令；申請(qǐng)書(shū) vt. 征用 ,征發(fā) imposition n. 強(qiáng)加 ,被迫接受；過(guò)分的要求 ,不合理的負(fù)擔(dān)； 稅收 paragraph 2Economic exchange was clearly very important as the Roman army brought with it very substantial spending power. Locally a fort had two kinds of impact. Its large population needed food and other supplies. Some of these were certainly brought from long distances, but demands were inevitably placed on the local area. Although goods could be requisitioned, they were usually paid for, and this probably stimulated changes in the local economy. When not campaigning, soldiers needed to be occupied。s conquest of Britain in the first century ., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy. Assessing the impact of the army on the civilian population starts from the realization that the soldiers were always unevenly distributed across the country. Areas rapidly incorporated into the empire were not long affected by the military. Where the army remained stationed, its presence was much more influential. The imposition of a military base involved the requisition of native lands for both the fort and the territory needed to feed and exercise the soldiers39。s conquest of Britain in the first century ., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy. 】 Assessing the impact of the army on the civilian population starts from the realization that the soldiers were always unevenly distributed across the country. Areas rapidly incorporated into the empire were not long affected by the military. Where the army remained stationed, its presence was much more influential. The imposition of a military base involved the requisition of native lands for both the fort and the territory needed to feed and exercise the soldiers39。 otherwise they represented a potentially dangerous source of friction and disloyalty. 【第二個(gè)影響，原因士兵閑置的危害】 Hence a writing tablet dated 25 April tells of 343 men at one fort engaged on tasks like shoemaking, building a bathhouse, operating kilns, digging clay, and working lead. 【解決危害的辦法，建設(shè)】 Such activities had a major effect on the local area, in particular with the construction of infrastructure such as roads, which improved access to remote areas.【產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果， access to remote areas 遠(yuǎn)程供給】 substantial adj. 堅(jiān)固的 。 otherwise they represented a potentially dangerous source of friction and ） Economic exchange was clearly very important as the Roman army brought with it very substantial spending power. Locally a fort had two kinds of impact. Its large population needed food and other supplies. ■ Some of these were certainly brought from long distances, but demands were inevitably placed on the local area. ■ Although goods could be requisitioned, they were usually paid for, and this probably stimulated changes in the local economy.■ When not campaigning, soldiers needed to be occupi