【正文】 this value system is that smart people, by virtue of what they39。40 Why? I demanded.“為什么？”我追問道?！?5 Ad Misericordiam, she said.“文不對題，”她說?！?3 I laughed with somewhat less amusement, hiding my dread that she39。t have to eat a whole cake to know it39。27 Polly, I said when next we sat under our oak, tonight we won39。t taking a test to see how much they have learned, but students are. The situations are altogether different. You can39。s sympathy — Ad Misericordiam.“對，是挺可怕的,”我表示贊同地說,“但這不是理由。16 Seated under the oak the next evening I said, Our first fallacy tonight is called Ad Misericordiam.第二天晚上，坐在那棵橡樹下，我說：“今天晚上我們要談的第一個(gè)邏輯謬誤叫‘文不對題’?！?2 Next is Hasty Generalization. Selfexplanatory, right? Listen carefully: You can39。9 Dicto Simpliciter means an unqualified generalization. For example: Exercise is good. Therefore, everybody should exercise.“‘絕對判斷’是指在證據(jù)不足的情況下所作出的推斷?！拔覀円勑┦裁矗俊彼龁柕?。她擁有合適的家庭背景，足以勝任一名堅(jiān)忍而睿智的律師的女友。t, so he made a pact that he39。t too shrewd, either.在我和室友羅伯的交易成功之后，我和波莉有了第一次約會(huì)。而我也能施予她足夠多的“智慧之珠”，讓她變得“談吐優(yōu)雅”。7 The doctrine of logic, I said, is a staple of clear thinking. Failures in logic distort the truth, and some of them are well known. First let39。11 I could see she was stumped. Polly, I explained, it39。這似乎不言自明，對吧？仔細(xì)聽好了：你不會(huì)說法語，羅伯也不會(huì)說法語，那么這所學(xué)校里好像是沒有人會(huì)說法語?！?9 Oh, this is awful, awful, she whispered in a choked voice.“哇，這太可怕了，太可怕了,”她哽咽著輕聲說道。22 Next, I said carefully, we will discuss False Analogy. An example, students should be allowed to look at their textbooks during exams, because surgeons have Xrays to guide them during surgery.“接下來”，我小心地說，“我們來討論‘錯(cuò)誤類比’。他們的情況完全不同，你不能將他們作類比。29 Favoring her with a grin, I said, We have now spent five evenings together. We get along pretty well. We make a pretty good couple.我贊許地對她笑了笑，說:“我們在一起已經(jīng)度過了五個(gè)晚上，相互之間挺合得來，我們是蠻相配的一對?！?2 False Analogy, said Polly promptly. Your premise is that dating is like eating. But you39。我決定改變策略，轉(zhuǎn)而嘗試奉承她的辦法。t have anything to do with real life.“你還真是能在遇到邏輯謬誤時(shí)一一辨別它們了，”我說，心里的希望已經(jīng)開始動(dòng)搖?！?2 With great effort, I said calmly, How could you give me the axe over Rob? Look at me, an ingenious student, a tremendous intellectual, a man with an assured future. Look at Rob, a muscular idiot, a guy who39。在大多數(shù)情況下，確實(shí)如此。犯這種錯(cuò)誤的人會(huì)將別人的失敗歸因于性格缺陷，而將自己的失敗僅僅歸因于周遭環(huán)境，潛意識(shí)中認(rèn)為自己的性格是完美無瑕的。6 For example, imagine that you suspect your puter has been hacked. Every time it stalls or has a little error, you assume that it was triggered by a hacker and that your suspicions are valid. This bias plays an especially big role in rivalries between two opposing views. Each side partitions their own beliefs in a logicproof loop, and claims their opponent is failing to recognize valid points. Outwitting confirmation bias therefore requires exploring both sides of an argument with equal diligence.比如說，假設(shè)你懷疑自己的電腦受到了黑客攻擊，那么它每次死機(jī)或出個(gè)小錯(cuò)，你都會(huì)認(rèn)定是由黑客引起的，而且你認(rèn)定自己的懷疑正確無誤。在一個(gè)人缺乏直接證據(jù)而必須要作出某種猜測的情況下，這一偏差就最有可能起作用，比如，估計(jì)一個(gè)擁擠的購物廣場有多少人，或下雨的可能性有多大。10 Repelling the availability bias calls for an empirical approach to a particular decision, one not based on the obscured reality of vivid memory. If there is a low incidence of disaster, like only one out of 100,000 plane landings results in a crash, it is safe to fly to the Canary Islands. If one out of one million people who go out is assaulted, it is safe to go out at night.要排除“可得性偏差”，就必須在作某一具體決定時(shí)，以實(shí)證方法所取得的證據(jù)為依據(jù)，而不是以與現(xiàn)實(shí)不太相符的某個(gè)鮮明的記憶為依據(jù)。13 In everyday life this can lead people to stay in damaging situations because of how much they have already put in, stuck on the erroneous belief that the value of that time or energy they have invested will decay or disappear if they leave. The wisest course is to recognize the effects of the sunk cost fallacy and to leave a bad situation regardless of how much you have already invested.在日常生活中，這種謬誤會(huì)導(dǎo)致人們由于顧及之前所投入的成本，而持續(xù)停留在損失的狀態(tài)中，同時(shí)困頓于一種錯(cuò)誤的觀念，即他們害怕自己一旦離開，之前所投入的時(shí)間和精力就會(huì)貶值或付諸東流。對于她的這一問題，無論你事先練習(xí)多少次，都不會(huì)找到正確答案。t affix much value to their looks, or think of them in terms of aesthetics. Their primary form of beauty care is to shave themselves, which is essentially the same care they give to their lawns. If, at the end of his four minute allotment of time for grooming, a man has managed to wipe most of the shaving cream out of the strands of his hair and isn39。5 Women do not look at themselves this way. If I had to guess what most women think about their appearance, it would be: Not good enough. No matter how attractive a woman may be, her perception of herself is eclipsed by the beauty industry. She has trouble thinking I39。s waist, a relative measurement physically impossible for a living human to achieve. Contrast this absurd standard with that presented to little boys with their action figures. Most of the toys that young boys have played with were weirdlooking, like the one called BuzzOff that was part human, part flying insect. This guy was not a looker, but he was still extremely selfconfident. You could not imagine him saying to the others, Is this accessory the right shade of violet for this outfit?為什么女性會(huì)把自己的外貌想得這么差呢？這種長期的不安全感并不是與生俱來的，而是由許多復(fù)雜的心理和社會(huì)因素的相互作用造成的，從小時(shí)候大人們給她們買洋娃娃時(shí)就開始了。s face or plexion.然而，女性在成長過程中卻認(rèn)為自己應(yīng)該長得像芭比娃娃或雜志的封面女郎那樣，這對大多數(shù)女性來說是不可能的。m not saying that men are superior. I39。人們會(huì)鼓勵(lì)男性借助其他特征來提升自尊。但是，如此費(fèi)力地去取悅男性而他們卻根本不會(huì)注意，同時(shí)又只是招致其他女性的指責(zé)，這樣做究竟有什么好處呢？11 Anyway, to get back to my original point: If you39。s appearance. This may be because you have shaving cream in your hair and inside the folds of your ears.不管怎樣，言歸正傳：如果你是一位男性，當(dāng)有女士問你她看起來怎么樣時(shí)，你千萬不能說她看起來很糟糕，那樣肯定會(huì)使她立刻遷怒于你，這也是你咎由自取。為了獲得生物醫(yī)學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下的幸福感，人們會(huì)走做整容手術(shù)、吃營養(yǎng)品、節(jié)食這樣的捷徑，但這些捷徑并不總能實(shí)現(xiàn)它們所承諾的效果。美在于生活的意義，在于真實(shí)。我們年齡相仿，相貌已在歲月中有所消退。t perfect enough. They feel inadequate, hopeless, and frustrated with jealousy because they can39。媒體上的俊男俏女們承受著保持形象的巨大壓力，而我的客戶卻因某種原因，沒有意識(shí)到他們有幸免受了這種強(qiáng)大的壓力。親眼目睹各種自然現(xiàn)象——星光閃爍的銀河，幾百年樹齡的紅杉木，春天里鳥兒的叫聲匯成的交響樂——這些都使我的精神得以延伸，讓我覺得自己既卑微又偉大。t always approve of each other39。我們有時(shí)也會(huì)發(fā)生分歧，也要處理分歧對感情所帶來的影響，然后繼續(xù)前行。10 The miracle is that each of us has the total capacity to ac