【正文】 ng the third party other than the beneficiary of the credit as the consignor of the goods. 除非信用證另有規(guī)定，銀行將接受表明以信用證受益人以外的第三者作為發(fā)貨人的運輸單據(jù)。根據(jù)動態(tài)對等的譯法，它們的譯文分別是“簽訂”、“修改”、“各項規(guī)定”和“生效”， 如不采用這種譯法，而是逐字翻譯，勢必會使譯文顯得羅嗦而難以理解，總之，譯者應時刻牢記中英文的各種表達法，來確保原文和譯文最大可能地對應起來，真正做到準確嚴謹和規(guī)范通順。有時候是出于嚴謹和杜絕漏洞的考慮，有時候也屬于合同用語的固定模式。）　 本句中用with regard to，in the event of和prior to分別代替about，in case of和before。 Notwithstanding the provisions of this Clause or any other Clause of the Contract, no payment certificates shall be issued by the Engineer until the performance security is submitted by the Contractor under the Contract and approved by the Employer. 盡管有本條款或任何其它合同條款的規(guī)定，在承包人提交履約保證并經(jīng)業(yè)主批準之前，工程師不對任何支付款開具證書?！? e. May not（或shall not）：用于禁止性義務，即“不得做什么”。）　 上句中的shall 和may表達準確。　 a. May：在表示合同上的權利（Right）、權限（Power）或特權（Privilege）的場合中使用。常用于合同協(xié)議書的開頭段落以引出合同雙方訂立合同的理由或依據(jù)。這些檢驗是由承包人在業(yè)主接收工程或工程的任何部分之前進行的?！猼herein therein: in that, in that particular context, in that respect. 在那里，在那點上，在那方面?！睍r，使用該詞?！睍r，使用該詞。 This contract is hereby made and concluded by and betweenCo. (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party B) on(data), in(Place), China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation. 本合同雙方，公司 (以下稱甲方) 與公司(以下稱乙方) 于(日期)在中國(地點), 本著平等互利和友好協(xié)商的原則特簽訂本合同。如將“the said contract”綜合全句來看，則其最對等的譯文為“上述內(nèi)容”?！　∵@些虛詞的使用使得句子簡練、嚴謹，從而顯示出該類語言正規(guī)、嚴肅、權威等文體特征。這些專業(yè)或法律術語的語義相對固定單一，通常無法用其他詞語代替，任何人在任何情況下都必須對它們作同一解釋。屆時，承包人和業(yè)主雙方的合同義務都已解除。 This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B. 本協(xié)議由甲方和乙方簽訂。三、商務合同的主要內(nèi)容 合同的內(nèi)容由當事人約定；結合1999年中國《合同法》第12條的規(guī)定，合同的主要內(nèi)容一般包含以下條款：A．Titles or names of the parties and the domiciles thereof；B．Date and place of signature of the contract）；C．Type of the contract and the kind, scope of the subject matter of the contract；D．Technical conditions, quality, standard, specifications and quantities of the subject matter of the contract；E．Time limit, place and method of performance；F．Terms of price, amount and way of payment and various additional charges；G．Whether the contract could be assigned or conditions for assignment；H．Compensation and other liabilities for breach of the contract；I．Ways of settlement of disputes in case of disputes arising from the contract；J．Languages to be used in the contract and their effectiveness。　　從結構上看，國際商務合同一般包含如下四個部分[1] 當然，格式和內(nèi)容并非一成不變，當事人可以根據(jù)各自交易情況做出調(diào)整或增刪?！　∩虅蘸贤且婪ǔ闪⒌姆尚晕募?，自有其特殊的文體特征。綜上可見，合同是平等主體之間設立的確定民事權利和義務的法律協(xié)議。但是，為了順利、準確無誤地完成合同的履行，保護當事人各方的合法權益，所有商業(yè)往來應以合同、協(xié)議書和確認書的訂立為前提和基礎。 （四）結尾條款（WITNESS Clause）：A. 結尾語；B. 簽名（Signature）；C. 蓋?。⊿eal）。（2）同義詞連用 對一些關鍵性的詞采用同義詞連用以克服由于英語詞一詞多意可能產(chǎn)生的語意不明、避免合同雙方按各自的意圖來理解合同條文。完成后承包人獲得業(yè)主簽發(fā)的缺陷責任證書(Defects Liability Certificate)。比如，“權利和義務”（rights and obligations)、“仲裁”( arbitration）、“終止”（termination）、“不可抗力”（force majeure）、“管轄”（jurisdiction）等。 （三）注意一些以here、there或where等作前綴的副詞。此句中的“thereof”相當于“of that”，然而，奈達的動態(tài)等值理論的原則是用最合適的對等詞來表達源出語的意義，所以“that”可以用“the said contract”來代替。 We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein（在聲明中）, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request. 特此證明，據(jù)我們所知，上述聲明內(nèi)容真實，正確無誤，并提供了全部現(xiàn)有的資料和數(shù)據(jù)，我們同意，應貴方要求出具證明文件。本文件的188。本文件（中）的188。 When existing Chineseforeign equity joint ventures, Chineseforeign cooperative joint ventures and wholly foreignowned enterprises (hereinafter referred to as “enterprise with foreign investment”) apply to reorganize themselves into a pany, the enterprises with foreign investment shall have a record of making profits for the recent three consecutive years. 已設立的中外合資企業(yè)、中外合作企業(yè)和外商獨自企業(yè)（以下簡稱外商投資企業(yè)），如申請轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楣镜?，應有最近連續(xù)3年的盈利記錄。 “Tests on Completion” means such tests specified in the Contract or otherwise agreed by and between the Engineer and the Contractor as shall be made by the Contractor before the Employer takes over the Works or any section or part thereof. 竣工檢驗指合同規(guī)定的或由工程師與承包人另行商定的檢驗。而論。（四）注意may、shall、should、will、may not、shall not等詞語的法律內(nèi)涵　 May、shall、should、will、may not、shall not等詞的確很常見，但是在合同中這些詞具有特殊的意義，所以翻譯起來要極其謹慎，避免引起糾紛。如果協(xié)商未果，合同中又無仲裁條款約定或爭議發(fā)生后未就仲裁達成協(xié)議的，可將爭議提交有管轄權的人民法院解決。）　 d. Will：一般使用在沒有法律強制的情況下，也用做表示承擔義務的聲明，但語氣和強制力比Shall弱。 The Works shall be measured net, notwithstanding any general or local custom, except where otherwise provided for in the contract. 無論通常的和當?shù)氐牧晳T如何，工程計量應該計算凈值，但合同另有規(guī)定的除外。（一）注意介詞或介詞短語的翻譯　 14）The participants in the Joint Venture shall mence discussion with regard to the extension of the period of existence of the Venture and in the event of their agreeing upon such extension, they shall record such agreement in a written document signed by all of them not later than three years prior to the expiry of the current period.（就本合資企業(yè)的存續(xù)時限的延期問題，各方應進行討論；一旦各方就此達成一致，應形成書面協(xié)議，由各方在本合同期限到期之前的三年內(nèi)簽字生效。（二）注意詞語并列的現(xiàn)象（juxtaposition）　　國際商務合同力求正式而準確，避免可能出現(xiàn)的誤解或分歧，所以同義詞（近義詞）并列的現(xiàn)象十分普遍?！? 在以上三句中，“made and entered into”、“amendments to and alteration of ”、“terms, provisions, conditions and stipulations”、“force and effect”是幾組同義詞。 Unless otherwise expressly specified in the Contract, the Engineer shall have no authority to relieve the Contractor of any of his obligations under the Contract. 除非在合同中明確規(guī)定，工程師無權解除合同規(guī)定的承包人的任何義務。在該費用付清之前，轉(zhuǎn)讓行無辦理轉(zhuǎn)讓的義務。 In the absence of such indication, the Credit shall be deemed to be revocable. 如無該項表示，信用證應視為可以撤消的?！猧n Testimony Whereof In Testimony Whereof: in Witness Whereof, 以此為證，特立此證 作為正式性的體現(xiàn)，該短語常常在合同結尾條款中使用，以鄭重其事，重申合同的嚴肅性、重要性；在句子結構上起到承前啟后的作用，以引出結語。本保證書對銀行及其繼承人和受讓人均具有約束力。 If, during the effective term of a takeover offer, the purchaser needs to alter any items in the takeover offer, the purchaser shall submit a report to the securities regulatory authorities under the State Council and the stock exchange in advance. The purchaser shall, after approval of the report, make the fact in question know to the public. 在收購要約的有效期限內(nèi)，收購人需要變更收購要約中事項的，必須事先向國務院證券監(jiān)督管理機構及證券交易所提出報告，經(jīng)獲準后予以公布。such 18