【正文】 gations between subjects of equal footing, that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations。二、分類與結(jié)構(gòu) 按照格式的繁簡程度的不同，國際商務合同可以采取正式合同（Contract）、協(xié)議書（Agreement）、確認書（Confirmation）、備忘錄（Memorandum）、定單（Order）等書面形式。再如，由于當事人雙方來自不同背景，各自對某些關(guān)鍵詞的解釋和使用也不完全一樣，就有必要在合同中添加“定義條款”（Definition Clause），把相關(guān)的重要詞匯、專有名詞和術(shù)語加以解釋和說明，以確定其含義。 The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and pletion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price. 業(yè)主特此立約保證向承包人支付合同總價，以作為本工程施工、竣工及修補工程中缺陷的報酬。完成后承包人獲得業(yè)主簽發(fā)的移交證書(Takingover Certificate)。由此可見，在合同翻譯過程中，要特別注意專業(yè)性的問題。)　 在以上三句中，acceptance、clean、to the order of、confirmed和documentary的翻譯均未能完全真實表示合同意思，這些詞的中文完整意思分別是“驗收”、“清潔”、“以……為抬頭”、“保兌的”和“跟單”。）　 9) The titles to the articles are for convenience of reference only, not part of this contract and shall not in any way effect the interpretation thereof. 　 在前一句中，“hereby”一詞翻譯成了“茲”，這是一個經(jīng)常在中文商務合同中使用的詞，符合法律文書的文體特征。 by reason of this. 特此，因此，茲。——heretoHereto: to this, 至此，在此上?！猦erein Herein: in this. 此中，于此。指定裝運港)“CFR” (cost and freight): 成本加運費“CIF” (cost, insurance and fright): 成本、保險加運費——hereinafter Hereinafter: later in the same Contract. 以下，在下文。在表示已提及的“人或事的188。雙方須以良好的誠信態(tài)度遵守仲裁庭的決定。 A sales contract refers to a contract whereby the seller transfers the ownership of an object to the buyer and the buyer pays the price for the object. 買賣合同是出賣人轉(zhuǎn)讓標的物的所有權(quán)于買受人，買受人支付價款的合同。例如： 　 10) The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations. Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the People39。）　 c. Should：在合同中通常只用來表示語氣較弱的假設(shè)，多翻譯成“萬一”或“如果”，極少譯成“應該”。——notwithstanding notwithstanding: prep. In spit of 盡管；adv. Nevertheless 仍然?！? 再比如：The term “Effective date” means the date on which this Agreement is duly executed by the parties hereto?！? 16）On the FOB basis, the Buyer shall book shipping space in accordance with the date of shipment specified in the contract.（按照FOB條件，由買方負責根據(jù)合同規(guī)定的裝運日期洽定艙位。奈達的“動態(tài)對等理論”。短語與詞組——Unless otherwise: 除非。 The contractor has included a claim in respect thereof in his Final Statement. 承包人已在其最終報告中，包括了對此事的索賠。 但是，如果根據(jù)業(yè)主任命工程師的條件，要求工程師在行使上述權(quán)力之前，應得到業(yè)主的具體批準，則此類要求的細節(jié)應在本合同予以表明。 Party A shall not, under this guarantee, be liable for any direct or indirect loss whatsoever arising out of any defect in the parts or ponents thereof. 根據(jù)本擔保，甲方不應承擔因零部件缺陷而引起的任何直接或間接損失的賠償責任。Now Therefore: 特此，因此等。 A foreign pany may, pursuant to this law, establish branches within the Territory of China, and may engage in production and operational activities. 外國公司依照本法規(guī)定可以在中國境內(nèi)設(shè)立分支機構(gòu)，從事生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營活動。as作關(guān)系代詞來引到從句，把所修飾的詞或詞組放在such和as之間，這樣使意思明確，從而避免了日后因理解不一致引起糾紛。such Supplementary Drawings and instructions as shall be necessary for the execution and the remedying of any defects therein.188。 若用基礎(chǔ)英語中常用的which,that來作關(guān)系代詞引到定語從句，容易引起爭議。 The Contractor shall, if called upon so to do, enter into and execute the Contract Agreement to be prepared and pleted at the cost of the Employer in the form annexed to these conditions with such modifications as may be necessary. 在被邀請簽約時，承包人應同意簽訂并履行合同協(xié)議書，該協(xié)議書由業(yè)主按照本合同條件所附格式擬定，如有必要，可對其進行修改。第三節(jié) 合同英語的句法特點及翻譯要點一、句子結(jié)構(gòu) 國際經(jīng)濟合同文件及其法律文件中的英文句子具有結(jié)構(gòu)嚴謹、句式較長的特點。 In Testimony Whereof, the parties hereto have respectively caused this document to be made and executed in duplicate, as of the day and year first written above. 本文件一式兩份，由本合同雙方分別于上面所訂日期訂立，特此為證?！猧n case, in (the) case of,如果，有“一旦，萬一”的意思 In case the quality, quantity, weight of the goods are not in conformity with the provisions of the Contract after arrival of the goods at the port of destination, the Buyer may, under survey report issued by an inspection organization agreed by the partiers thereto, lodge claim with the Seller, with the exception, however, of those claims for which the insurance pany and/or the shipping pany shall be responsible. 在貨物運抵目的港后，一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)貨物質(zhì)量、數(shù)量或重量與合同規(guī)定的不符，買方可以根據(jù)雙方同意的檢驗組織出具的檢驗證書，向賣方索賠。發(fā)生 In the event that either party hereto fails to ply with the terms or conditions of this Agreement, and , within 90 days after the written notice is issued by the other Party hereto, fails to remedy such failure, the Party giving notice may, forthwith, notify the other Party of the matter in question and terminate this Agreement. 若任何一方未能履行本協(xié)議規(guī)定的條款或條件，并在收到另一方書面通知后90天內(nèi)未對其不履行進行補救，發(fā)出通知的一方可立即通知另一方終止本協(xié)議?！猧n accordance with, under, pursuant to: 根據(jù)，依照 On the FOB basis, the Buyer shall book shipping space in accordance with the date of shipment specified in the Contract. 按照FOB條款，由買方負責根據(jù)合同規(guī)定的裝運日期預定艙位?！? 類似的表達還有：any and all（全部）、any duties, obligations or liabilities（所有責任）、applicable laws, regulations, decrees, directives, and rules（適用法律法規(guī)）、charges, fees, costs and expenses（各種費用）、covenants and agreements（合同，協(xié)議）、customs and usages（慣例）、free and clear of（無）、import duty and tax（進口稅捐）、keep secret and confidential（保密）、licenses and permits（許可）、null and void（無效）、packing and wrapping expenses（包裝費）、rights and interests（權(quán)益）、settle claims and debts（清理債務）、ships and vessels（船只）、sign and issue（簽發(fā)）、support and maintenance（維護）、use and wont（習慣，慣例），等等。比如，terms在合同中一般指付款或費用（手續(xù)費、傭金等有關(guān)金錢的）條件，而conditions則指其它條件，但是“terms and conditions”常常作為固定模式在合同中出現(xiàn)，就不宜分譯成“條件和條款”，而直接合譯成“條款”。當然，商務英語詞語選擇中的正式性與非正式性是相對而言的，且無優(yōu)劣之分，一切需視具體的使用場合而定。二、用詞正式、準確（formal and accurate）　 具有法律效力的商務合同用詞都很正式、規(guī)范，避免口語化。 ——shall 在合同等法律文件中，表示強制性承擔法律或合同義務，如表示“應該”或“必須”做某事時，應用“shall”，而決不能用“must”或“ should”。出現(xiàn)爭議后應當先行協(xié)商，所以采用了義務性“約定”（shall），如果協(xié)商解決不了，作為當事人的權(quán)利，則用選擇性“約定”（may）。若表示某種權(quán)利在法律上具有強制性的時候，更多的是“be entitled”。 Whereas Party B has the right and agrees to grant Party A the rights to use, manufacture and sell the Contract Products of Patented Technology。 If this Agreement is terminated for any reason whatsoever, all such drawings, transparencies, specifications, and any other manufacturing or engineering information as are supplied by Party A, including al