【正文】 hen the cat’s away, the mice will play.?山中無(wú)老虎，猴子稱(chēng)霸(大)王。翻譯這類(lèi)漢語(yǔ)習(xí)語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)該套用英語(yǔ)中與之相對(duì)應(yīng)的習(xí)語(yǔ)，以便產(chǎn)生形神兼?zhèn)涞膶?duì)等翻譯。A barking dog is better than a sleeping ，睡獅難提防。The great fish eat up the 。見(jiàn)下面的例子：合抱之木，生于毫末。?You can’t sell the cow and drink the milk.?魚(yú)與熊掌不可兼得。?Carrion crows(吃腐肉的烏鴉)bewail the dead sheep,and then eat them.?貓哭老鼠假慈悲。Translation: Three cobblers with their wits bined equal Zhugeliang, the master consider that what he had played on that occasion was no more than a Judas ：人們認(rèn)為他在那種場(chǎng)合的表演不過(guò)是猶大之吻，居心險(xiǎn)惡。Example 2：Among the blind the oneeyed man is : 山中無(wú)老虎，猴子稱(chēng)霸王。The idiom has strong cultural it is translated literally into “第22條軍規(guī)”, Chinese readers cannot catch the meaning, so it is preferred to translate the idiom into “無(wú)法擺脫的”(it?s not easy to get rid of.).Example 2: The study had a Spartan : 這間書(shū)房有一種簡(jiǎn)樸的景象。寧為雞頭，勿為鳳尾。A bosom friend afar makes a world smaller。to be deteriorating（2）搟面杖吹火—一竅不通to know practically nothing about…（3）碰一鼻子灰to be snubbed。請(qǐng)翻譯：（1）既往不咎（2）有錢(qián)能使鬼推磨（3）The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak.（4）Birds of a feather flock together.（5）Once bitten, twice of Retaining the Image 盡可能保留（原文的）形象。（4）He’s leading a dog’s （5）I am deadbeat to memorize the established versions of 。（4）You are a （異性所追求的）理想人選。（34）住在狼窩邊，小心不為過(guò)。（42）居移氣，養(yǎng)移體。（50）棒頭出孝子。to be so obsessed with the idea of profitmaking that one loses all sense of 2)To make irresponsible remarks/criticisms（18）3)To lift a rock only to crush/squash one’s own feet。as clear as day（15）9)Arrogant and conceited。to insist on having one’s own way（25）12)To band together。to go back on one’s words（4）16)To go against the trend of the times。to open the door to an enemy（20）22)To court one’s own ruin/doom/disaster。to reap what one sows?！疤斓莱昵凇薄疤嫣煨械馈?49)As the saying goes, “What’s near cinnabar goes red, and what’s next to ink turns black.”（47）50)Haughtiness invites losses while modesty brings profits.（41）51)Of all the living things nurtured between heaven and earth, the most valuable is the human beings.（35）52)You want the horse to run fast and yet you don’t let it graze.（36）53)One’s position alters the temperament, just as nourishment affects the change manners.（42）54)Those who are meant to(按道理應(yīng)該)meet will meet even if they are separated by a thousand miles。(64)Example is better than precept（規(guī)則）.身教勝過(guò)言教(65)Facts speak louder than (66)Failure teaches (67)Far from eye, far from ，心不念(68)Good advice is harsh to the (69)Grasp all, lose ，必失盡。本文試圖借助語(yǔ)用學(xué)的理論，對(duì)英漢習(xí)語(yǔ)的翻譯作一些探索。一、英漢習(xí)語(yǔ)中所反映的文化差異朱光潛先生在《談翻譯》一文中說(shuō)：“外國(guó)文學(xué)最難了解和翻譯的第一是聯(lián)想的意義……”，“它帶有特殊的情感氛圍，甚深廣而微妙，在字典中無(wú)從找出，對(duì)文學(xué)卻極要緊。比喻花錢(qián)浪費(fèi)，大手大腳，英語(yǔ)是spendmoney like water，而漢語(yǔ)是“揮金如土”。漢語(yǔ)中與狗有關(guān)的習(xí)語(yǔ)大都含有貶意：“狐朋狗黨”、“狗急跳墻”、“狼心狗肺”、“狗腿子”等，盡管近些年來(lái)養(yǎng)龐物狗的人數(shù)大大增加，狗的“地位”似乎有所改變，但狗的貶義形象卻深深地留在漢語(yǔ)言文化中。佛教傳入中國(guó)已有一千多年的歷史，人們相信有“佛主”在左右著人世間的一切，與此有關(guān)的習(xí)語(yǔ)很多，如“借花獻(xiàn)佛”、“閑時(shí)不燒香，臨時(shí)抱佛腳”等。所謂忠實(shí)表達(dá)原文的意義，應(yīng)指忠實(shí)表達(dá)原文的字面意義、形象意義和隱含意義三個(gè)方面。因此, 漢語(yǔ)中有相當(dāng)一部分與農(nóng)業(yè)和土地有關(guān)的成語(yǔ)。莎士比亞在他的一首十四行詩(shī)中把愛(ài)人比作夏天，Shall I pare thee to asummer’s day? Thou are more lovely and more temperate。但在西方神話傳說(shuō)中, dragon 卻是一種長(zhǎng)著翅膀, 身上有鱗, 拖著一條長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的蛇尾,能夠從口中噴火的動(dòng)物，令人感到恐怖。(四)宗教信仰每個(gè)民族都有各自的宗教信仰和宗教文化, 它對(duì)人們的價(jià)值觀念和生活習(xí)慣的形成以及語(yǔ)言表達(dá)有著潛移默化的影響。如God helps those who help themselves(天助自助者)，Man proposes, God disposes(謀事在人, 成事在天)。二、英漢習(xí)語(yǔ)互譯的主要方法翻譯是兩種語(yǔ)言之間的轉(zhuǎn)換，而語(yǔ)言和文化的緊密關(guān)系要求在語(yǔ)言轉(zhuǎn)換中必須進(jìn)行文化的轉(zhuǎn)換。直譯的好處是能夠比較完整地保留原習(xí)語(yǔ)的比喻形象、民族色彩和語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格。(三)等值互借法成語(yǔ)的對(duì)等是從三個(gè)方面體現(xiàn)出來(lái)的, 即比喻意義、比喻形式和感情色彩。張 玲：文化差異和習(xí)語(yǔ)翻譯這種方法還適用于那些運(yùn)用具體、淺顯的比喻來(lái)說(shuō)明比較抽象的事理，且語(yǔ)言生動(dòng)詼諧的歇后語(yǔ)。文化對(duì)習(xí)語(yǔ)的影響是多方面的，英漢習(xí)語(yǔ)也不是不可譯的。這種方法不但可以保留源語(yǔ)的形象、風(fēng)格, 又符合目標(biāo)語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)和習(xí)慣, 可以讓譯文讀者輕松理解原文所要表達(dá)的含義, 從而順利實(shí)現(xiàn)跨文化交流。如：不到黃河心不死(Until all is over, ambition never dies.), 豬八戒倒打一耙(To put blame on one39。因此,習(xí)語(yǔ)翻譯一方面要盡量將原文的意思用“最貼切、最自然的對(duì)等語(yǔ)再現(xiàn)出來(lái)”, 用奈達(dá)的話說(shuō), 即是“The best translation does no t sound like a translation”?；浇痰慕塘x《圣經(jīng)》一直被奉為西方文化的經(jīng)典。因此, 漢語(yǔ)里有許多與佛教、道教有關(guān)的成語(yǔ)，如“借花獻(xiàn)佛”“臨時(shí)抱佛腳”“道高一尺, 魔高一丈”等。另外，狗在漢語(yǔ)中是一種卑微的動(dòng)物。如“東施效顰”、“名落孫山”、“賠了夫人又折兵”“三個(gè)臭皮匠，頂個(gè)諸葛亮”等等。英國(guó)則是一個(gè)島國(guó)，四面環(huán)水。尤其是，任何兩處語(yǔ)言文化都不可能完相同。歷史典故英漢兩種語(yǔ)言中還有大量由歷史典故形成的習(xí)語(yǔ)，這些習(xí)語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，意義深遠(yuǎn)，往往是不能單從字面意義去理解和翻譯的。英語(yǔ)中有關(guān)狗的習(xí)語(yǔ)除了一部分因受其他語(yǔ)言的影響而含有貶義外，大部分都沒(méi)有貶義。在漢語(yǔ)的文化氛圍中，“東風(fēng)”即是“春天的風(fēng)”，夏天常與酷署炎熱聯(lián)系在一起，“赤日炎炎似火燒”、“驕陽(yáng)似火”是常被用來(lái)描述夏天的詞語(yǔ)?！庇?guó)文化人類(lèi)學(xué)家愛(ài)德華話語(yǔ)的非自然意義指人們意欲表達(dá)的意義，即在特定的場(chǎng)合下表達(dá)出交際者意圖的語(yǔ)用隱含意義。(70)Great hopes make great (71)Harm watch, harm 。(36)Speech is silver, silence is ，沉默是金(37)Short accounts make long ，朋友交得長(zhǎng)(38)There is no rose without a ，沒(méi)有盡善盡美的快樂(lè)(39)Better late than ，晚做總比不做好(40)Many a good cow hath a bad （好的父母未必培養(yǎng)出好的子女）(41)Absence makes the heart grow 。to face the consequences of one’s own action（10）26)To be filled with indignation（22）27)To defy public opinion(the will of the people)。to cut one’s own throat。to push a reactionary policy（13）17)To run counter to…（24）18)To play the tyrant。to bee aggravated。to ride the high horse。People with one will are stronger than a fortress。（52）伴君如伴虎。（44）八仙過(guò)海，各顯神通。（36）又要馬兒好，又要馬兒不吃草。（6）I only have eyes for 。Do as you would be done by./ Do unto others as you would have them to do to you./ Do not do to others what you do not wish to be done to yourself.（2）說(shuō)曹操，曹操到。An inch of time is an inch of is money.（4）君子動(dòng)口不動(dòng)手。to be rejected（4）打開(kāi)天窗說(shuō)亮話Frankly speaking。（6）A thousandli journey is started by taking the first step.（7）The gift itself may be as light as a feather, but sent afar, it conveys deep ，禮輕情義重。一朝被蛇咬，十年怕草繩。Example 4: He walked at the head of the funeral procession, and every now and then wiped away his crocodile : 他走在送葬隊(duì)伍的前頭，還不時(shí)用一條大手帕抹去他那假惺惺的眼淚。Example 4：The wagon must go where the horse draws : 胳膊擰不過(guò)大腿。The crafty enemy was ready to launch a new attack while holding out the olive : 狡猾的敵人，一邊伸出橄欖枝，表示愿意講和，一邊準(zhǔn)備發(fā)動(dòng)新的進(jìn)攻。(注意“天”和“上帝”的選詞)?Everyone for himself, God for us all.?正中下懷?after one’s own heart?to talk through one’s hat ?胡言亂語(yǔ)?to leave no stone unturned ?千方百計(jì)，不遺余力?to call a spade a spade ?直言不諱； ?to pull one’s leg?愚弄某人，開(kāi)某人的玩笑； ?to eat one’s words?被迫收回前言，承認(rèn)自己說(shuō)了錯(cuò)話； ?to be full of beans ?精力旺盛，精力充沛?to be like square pegs in round holes ?格格不入a skeleton at the feast?一箭雙雕?kill two birds with one stone?露出馬腳?show the cloven hoof?水中撈月?fish in the air?過(guò)河拆橋?kick down the ladder?進(jìn)退維谷?between the devil and the deep sea許多英語(yǔ)習(xí)語(yǔ)涉及獨(dú)特的西方文化意象，染上了獨(dú)特的西方文化