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畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)-剪板機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)(完整版)

  

【正文】 r future, the infrastructure design of guillotine shear at blunt press to use to shear the parison in the infrastructure design of guillotine shearr will be bigger and bigger. Keywords Machine 。 1795 年,英國(guó)的布拉默發(fā)明水壓機(jī),但直到 19 世紀(jì)中葉,由于大鍛件的需要才應(yīng)用于鍛造。 冷沖壓生產(chǎn)的機(jī)械化和自動(dòng)化,為了滿足大量生產(chǎn)的需要,沖壓設(shè)備已由單工位低速剪板機(jī)發(fā) 展到多工位剪板機(jī)。該剪板機(jī)上下兩刀刃彼此平行,常用于軋鋼廠熱剪切初軋方坯和板坯;按其剪切方式又可分為上切式和下切式。 : (1)板材開(kāi)平線剪板機(jī):用于板材開(kāi)卷校平線上,為配合生產(chǎn)線速度快剪切要求而設(shè)計(jì)的高速剪板機(jī),厚板線上多為液壓高速剪板機(jī),薄板線上多配氣動(dòng)剪板機(jī) 。設(shè)計(jì)中主要以課本和各種參考資料作為依據(jù),從簡(jiǎn)單入手,循序漸進(jìn),逐步掌握設(shè)計(jì)的一般方法,把所學(xué)的知識(shí)形成一個(gè)整體,以適應(yīng)以后的工作需要。 45 4000 300 13 剪板機(jī)基本性能參數(shù) 決定剪板機(jī)性 能的主要有:剪板機(jī)的剪切力,壓料力,剪切角和上刀片的行程量。 T= zhP N; 因此 zhyzh PPP )2( ??? , [鍵入文字 ] 6 當(dāng) ?? 時(shí), zhy PP 21? N 應(yīng)該說(shuō),壓料力隨總剪切力增大而增大。 (2)單邊齒輪傳動(dòng)的剪板機(jī) 機(jī)械傳動(dòng)的剪板機(jī)大部分采用這種結(jié)構(gòu),即最后一級(jí)齒輪裝 在曲軸的一端。而且維護(hù)和修理業(yè)困難,因此沒(méi)有得到廣泛的采用。 此種設(shè)計(jì)合理的安排了機(jī)器的空間位置,方便 搬遷及維修。目前生產(chǎn)的組合機(jī)架往往用榫頭和螺栓來(lái)連接,組合 —— 焊接的機(jī)架比組合機(jī)架的剛度好一些。調(diào)節(jié)螺栓使刀架在水平面內(nèi)造成凸弧線,而在剪切時(shí)由于水平推力迫使刀架彎曲造成凹弧線,如果調(diào)節(jié)適當(dāng),兩項(xiàng)彎曲將互相抵消而使剪切精度得到提高。刀架導(dǎo)軌上的單位壓力隨著被剪點(diǎn)的推移而變化,最大單位壓力應(yīng)在剪切開(kāi)始位置確定,因?yàn)榇藭r(shí)的剪切力只作用在一個(gè)連桿上。 M 式中 dL —— 刀架寬度 因此 0P =32458N 0T =11260N [鍵入文字 ] 12 圖 36 上刀架 下面確定作用在圖 5剖面 cc上的彎矩。[鍵入文字 ] 13 剪切開(kāi)始前電磁鐵就斷開(kāi),托料擺桿由于自重而向下擺開(kāi)。 考慮到成本和簡(jiǎn)單問(wèn)題,因此選擇前一種。國(guó)外實(shí)驗(yàn)用硬質(zhì)合金 BK15或 BK20鑲在剪刀片上來(lái)提高兩次刃磨的間隔時(shí)間。 [鍵入文字 ] 15 節(jié)流調(diào)速一般采用定量泵供油,用流量控制閥改變輸入或輸出液壓執(zhí)行元件的流量來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)速度。 節(jié)流調(diào)速又分別有進(jìn)油節(jié)流、回油節(jié)流和旁路節(jié)流三種形式。其結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,但散熱條件差。加工機(jī)械的各執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)的順序動(dòng)作多采用行程控制,當(dāng)工作部件移動(dòng)到一定位置時(shí),通過(guò)電氣行程[鍵入文字 ] 16 開(kāi) 關(guān)發(fā)出電信號(hào)給電磁鐵推動(dòng)電磁閥或直接壓下行程閥來(lái)控制接續(xù)的動(dòng)作。各回路相互組合時(shí)要去掉重復(fù)多余的元件,力求系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單。系統(tǒng)圖中應(yīng)注明各液壓執(zhí)行元件的名稱和動(dòng)作,注明各液壓元件的序號(hào)以及各電磁鐵的代號(hào),并附有電磁鐵、行程閥及其他控制元件的動(dòng)作表 。 液壓系統(tǒng)的工作介質(zhì)完全由液壓源來(lái)提供,液壓源的核心是液壓泵。為防止系統(tǒng)中雜質(zhì)流回油箱,可在回油路上設(shè)置磁性過(guò)濾器或其他型式的過(guò)濾器。初壓行程約占工作行程的 2/3,終壓行程約占工作行程的 1/3。 [鍵入文字 ] 22 所以 符合強(qiáng)度要求 桿頭部取平頭圓柱形 活塞桿采用表面硬化處理,如 45 鋼表面高頻淬火,硬化層深度 — 1 毫米 (或直徑的 3%),硬度 45— 55HRC,表面應(yīng)鍍硬鉻,厚度 15— 25 微米,防腐要求特別高時(shí),則要先鍍一層軟鉻或鎳,后鍍硬鉻,鍍后拋光,用于低負(fù)載、低速或良好環(huán)境時(shí),活塞桿表面可以不處理。這種裝置結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,開(kāi)始作用時(shí)緩沖效果很大,但效果逐漸減弱,緩沖作用 還受油溫的影響。這種結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)用較廣泛。 分散式結(jié)構(gòu)是把液壓系統(tǒng)中液壓泵、控制調(diào)節(jié)裝置分別安裝在設(shè)備上適當(dāng)?shù)牡胤健? 預(yù)安裝時(shí),先將液壓系統(tǒng),液壓缸固定在規(guī)定的基礎(chǔ)上,然后根據(jù)圖紙要求把液壓系統(tǒng)各部件的進(jìn)出油口按原理圖管路連線要求用要求的管路連 接起來(lái),彎管處橢圓度不低于97%; 正式安裝前,要將管道內(nèi)部沖洗干凈,本套設(shè)備要求沖洗后管道內(nèi)部清潔度不低于17/14( ISO4406),相當(dāng)于 Nas8級(jí); [鍵入文字 ] 25 正式安裝時(shí),各管口要求擦拭干凈,不準(zhǔn)有砂粒、焊渣等污物進(jìn)入管道內(nèi),管道安裝完畢后,可在適當(dāng)位置上安裝管夾,以防止管道震動(dòng)。 (3)液壓油液污染嚴(yán)重時(shí),液壓系統(tǒng)工作性能惡化,容易產(chǎn)生故障、元件加速磨損、壽命縮短、甚至造成設(shè)備和操作的重大事故。 壓系統(tǒng)要定期檢修,過(guò)濾或更換液壓油液,并清洗油箱。 amplitude and phase modulation information can be extracted either individually or in bination. This method can detect slight defects with paratively evident phase modulation as well as serious defects with strong amplitude modulation. Experimental vibration signals presenting gear defects of different levels of severity verify to its character identification capability and indicate that the SSCD is an effective method, especially to detect defects at an early stage of development. Keywords: slice spectral correlation density, gear, defect detection, modulation 1 INTRODUCTION A gear vibration signal is a typical periodic modulation signal. Modulation p henomena are more serious with the deterioration of gear defects. Accordingly, the modulation sidebands in the spectrum get incremented in number and , extracting modulation information from these sidebands is the direct way to detect gear defects. A conventional envelope technique is one of the methods for this purpose. It is sensitive to modulation phenomena in amplitude, but not in phase. A slight gear defect often produces little change in vibration amplitude, but it is always acpanied by evident phasemodulation. Employing the envelope technique for an incipient slight defect does not produce satisfactory results. In recent years, the theory of cyclic statistics has been used for rotating machine vibration signal and shows good potential for use in condition monitoring and diagnosis [1–3]. In this article, spectral correlation density (SCD) function in the secondorder cyclostationarity is verified to be a redundant information provider for gear defect detection. It simultaneously exhibits amplitude and phase modulation during gear vibration, which is especially valuable for detecting slight defects and monitoring their SCD function maps signals into a twodimensional function in a cyclic frequency (CF) versus general frequency plane (a–f). Considering its information redundancy [4] and huge putation,the slice of the SCD where CF equals the shaft rotation frequency is individually puted for defect detection,which is named slice spectral correlation density (SSCD). The SSCD is demonstrated to possess the same identification capability as the SCD function. It can be puted directly from a timevarying autocorrelation with less putation and, at the same time, has clear representation when pared with a threedimensional form of the SCD. 2 SECONDORDER CYCLIC STATISTICS A random process generally has a timevarying autocorrelation[5] [鍵入文字 ] 31 where is the mathematic expectation operator and t is the time lag. If the autocorrelation is periodic with a period T0, the ensemble average can be estimated with time average The autocorrelation can also be written in the Fourier series because of its periodicity Where Combining with equation(2), its Fourier coefficients can be given as [5] where is the time averaging operation, is referred to as the cyclic autocorrelation (CA。 由于能力所限 ,經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足,設(shè)計(jì)中尚有許多不足之處 ,懇請(qǐng)各位老師給予指教。 液壓系統(tǒng)的維護(hù)及注意事項(xiàng) ,不得將不同牌號(hào)的液壓油液混合使用。 (2)按照液壓原理圖,將各液壓元件的手柄打到正確的啟、閉位置上,鎖定。 液壓閥的配置形式 板式配置是把板式液壓元件用螺釘固定在平板上,板上鉆有與閥口對(duì)應(yīng)的孔,通過(guò)管接頭聯(lián)接油管而將各閥按系統(tǒng)圖接通。 可以看到液壓缸工作的整個(gè)過(guò)程中最高工作壓力出現(xiàn)在加壓結(jié)束時(shí) P=,此時(shí)缸的輸入量極小,且進(jìn)油路元件較少,故泵至缸間的進(jìn)油路壓力損失估取為 MPaP ?? ,可以算得泵最高工作壓力 M P aP p ??? ,液壓泵 的最大供油量按液壓缸最大輸[鍵入文字 ] 23 入流量 min/ L 進(jìn)行估算,取泄露系數(shù) K=,則, m i n/ Lq p ??? 根據(jù)以上計(jì)算結(jié)果查閱手冊(cè),選用規(guī)格相近的 25YCY— 1B壓力補(bǔ)償斜盤式軸向柱塞泵,其額定壓力為 32MPa,排量為 25ml/s。 圖 42 環(huán)形間隙式、節(jié)流可變式液壓缸 在系列化的成品液壓缸中,由于事先無(wú)法知道液壓缸的實(shí)際速度和運(yùn)動(dòng)部件的質(zhì)量,為簡(jiǎn)單起見(jiàn),多采用環(huán)形間隙式緩沖。 活塞桿的運(yùn)動(dòng)速度較快,運(yùn)動(dòng)部件質(zhì)量較大時(shí),為了防止運(yùn)動(dòng)部件到終端時(shí)與缸的端蓋產(chǎn)生撞擊,液壓缸應(yīng)該有緩沖裝置。整體式活塞結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單可靠,但加工比較復(fù)雜,適用于活塞尺寸小,活塞桿較短的場(chǎng)合。 由于工作要求,
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