【正文】
alf of 18th century, Britain passed a period of time of stability and peace. Neoclassicism is popular in British literature. Pope worth mentioning. Spirit of enlightenment appeared in prose. Enlightenment is another culture movement against antiFeudalism and antiChristianity after Renaissance. People at this time were in pursuit of political and academic freedom。 and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. ? Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested。 ? 書(shū)有可淺嘗者,有可吞食者,少數(shù)則須咀嚼消化。 King Lear。 Childe Harold‘s Pilgrimage Shelley: On West Wind Keats: Ode to a Nightingale。 璜 》 Don Juan 《哀希臘》 Isle of Greece 《西風(fēng)頌》 On West Wind 《希臘古甕頌》 Ode on an Grecian Urn 《秋頌》 《夜鶯頌》 《羅伯但經(jīng)濟(jì)十分落后,甚至可以說(shuō)沒(méi)什么發(fā)展。留下來(lái)的唯有基督教和后來(lái)民展成封建城鎮(zhèn)和封地的別墅。 《貝奧武甫》就是此類文學(xué)作品中保存最完整、最著名的一篇。約在公元七世紀(jì)前后形成。當(dāng)時(shí),人類處于低級(jí)的社會(huì)發(fā)展階段。在上部里,在他身上還留著氏族社會(huì)中為家族(叔叔)的利益而獻(xiàn)身的特點(diǎn)。但由于其社會(huì)制度尚在部落時(shí)代,這樣的國(guó)家不足以支承一個(gè)龐大的帝國(guó),因此 ,在 canute ( 1058 年當(dāng)了英國(guó)、諾威、丹麥三國(guó)國(guó)王)死后, Godwin 家族就很容易地恢復(fù)了英國(guó)本族統(tǒng)治。雙方軍隊(duì)在今天的 Dover 附近決戰(zhàn),最后,戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)技術(shù)領(lǐng)先的 William 取得了勝利,并就位男王,史稱威廉一世。國(guó)王是他們的“領(lǐng)主”、“主宰”,他們是“臣屬”、“附庸”,以此往下類推。 于是,在封建制度下的英國(guó)社會(huì),就形成了統(tǒng)治階級(jí)和被統(tǒng)治階級(jí)(地主和農(nóng)民) 統(tǒng)治階級(jí):貴族、騎士、主教、紅衣主教、修道院院長(zhǎng) 被統(tǒng)治階級(jí):農(nóng)民 2.諾曼人征服對(duì)英國(guó)的影響 在這一時(shí)期,威廉一世帶來(lái)的諾曼貴族將法國(guó)式生活、法語(yǔ)帶到了英國(guó),而普通農(nóng)民仍然使用英語(yǔ)。 《農(nóng)民皮爾斯》中的人名意義: 人名 身份 色徒 惡棍 嫉妒 年輕人 貪婪 高利貸者 憤怒 廚師,擰人耳朵 在作品中, 貓和老鼠的故事 、 行賄女士(該女士名叫慧洛)的婚姻 等都很明確地指出了當(dāng)時(shí)英國(guó)統(tǒng)治階級(jí)的腐敗、墮落和勞動(dòng)人民的苦難、無(wú)奈。早在諾曼人征服以前,英國(guó)人民就已經(jīng)有了自己的口頭文學(xué),并代代相傳,民謠是其中很重要的一部分 。 The Folk Ballad The anonymous folk ballad (or popular ballad), was posed to be sung. It was passed along orally from singer to singer, from generation to generation, and from one region to another. During this progression a particular ballad would undergo many changes in both words and tune. The medieval or Elizabethan ballad that appears in print today is probably only one version of many variant forms. Two of the most important collections of ballads are Reliques of Ancient English Poetry, collected by the eighteenthcentury cleric Thomas Percy, and the late Victorian collection by Francis James Child called The English and Scottish Popular Ballads. Child39。 1359 年隨愛(ài)德華三世的部隊(duì)遠(yuǎn)征法國(guó),參加了對(duì)法百年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)被法軍俘虜,在國(guó)王的資助下,不久被贖回,并結(jié)婚,成了蘭開(kāi)斯特公爵的聯(lián)襟。s chief works during this time are the Book of the Duchess, an allegorical lament written in 1369 on the death of Blanche, wife of John of Gaunt, and a partial translation of the Roman de la Rose. Italian Period Chaucer39。s Filostrato, one of the great love poems in the English language (see Troilus and Cressida). In Troilus and Criseyde, Chaucer perfected the sevenline stanza later called rhyme 西德 ① . 法國(guó)影響時(shí)期( 1359~ 1372):主要翻譯并仿效法國(guó)詩(shī)人的作品,創(chuàng)作了《悼公爵夫人》,用倫敦方言翻譯了法國(guó)中世紀(jì)長(zhǎng)篇敘事詩(shī)《玫瑰傳奇》等。 For which unto your mercy thus I crye: Beth hevy ageyn, or elles mot I dye! 2 Now voucheth sauf this day, or yt be nyght, That I of yow the blisful soun may here, Or see your colour lyk the sonne bryght, That of yelownesse hadde never pere. Ye be my lyf, ye be myn hertes stere, Quene of fort and of good panye: Beth hevy ageyn, or elles moote I dye! 3 Now purse, that ben to me my lyves light And saveour, as doun in this world here, Out of this toune helpe me thurgh your myght, Syn that ye wole nat ben my tresorere。 1此詩(shī)是喬叟晚年反作;新國(guó)王亨利四世于 1399 年 9 月30 日加冕,此詩(shī)刊行即日就得到新國(guó)王賞識(shí)。 齊紈未足時(shí)人貴,一曲菱歌亂萬(wàn)金。之所以稱之為“國(guó)王體”是因?yàn)楹髞?lái)蘇格蘭國(guó)王詹姆斯一 世以這種形式寫(xiě)了蘇格蘭方言愛(ài)情詩(shī)《國(guó)王的書(shū)》。 無(wú)論英格蘭各郡的東西南北, 人們尤其要去的是坎特伯雷, 去拜謝恩澤萬(wàn)民的殉難圣徒, 因?yàn)槿藗冇胁r(shí)他給予救助。 在他君主的戰(zhàn)事中表現(xiàn)英勇, 他南征北戰(zhàn)處處都留下行蹤, 在基督徒世界或在異教之邦, 他都因?yàn)橛杏職舛鴤涫茼灀P(yáng)。 他有個(gè)兒子隨行,這年輕扈從 正在戀愛(ài),他精神振奮又忠勇, 有一頭像是火鉗燙出的鬈發(fā)。 他謙遜有禮,樂(lè)于幫人家一手; 到了餐桌上,他總為父親切肉。 她餐桌上的禮儀學(xué)得很到家; 沒(méi)一點(diǎn)食物會(huì)從她唇間掉下, 她手指不會(huì)蘸到調(diào)味汁里面。 黃杲欣譯 選自《坎特伯雷故事》,譯林出版社(1999) 《英國(guó)文學(xué)》講義 第 19 頁(yè) 共 167 頁(yè) 2. 3. 4. 英國(guó)文學(xué)的繁榮 第一節(jié) Edmond Spenser 一、 Edmond Spenser 的生平 出生于倫敦一布商人家庭。愛(ài)爾蘭當(dāng)時(shí)是英國(guó)的殖民地,基本人口是農(nóng)民和坎爾特人游牧部落。其十二歌,每月一歌,大多數(shù)以歌頌愛(ài)情為主題,有的則涉及教會(huì)。 Tell her the joyous time wil not be staid, Unlesse she doe him by the forelock take。 Titan 是希臘神話中天、地所生的十二個(gè)子女中的任何一下。 9 Meads: meadows,草地 10 against the bridal day:為婚期作準(zhǔn)備。 Curiously:古=carefully 15 flasket:長(zhǎng)形的淺籃子 16 cropt full feateously 花摘得很整齊。 Team: 車(chē)子 29 非凡夫俗子所生。 《英國(guó)文學(xué)》講義 第 24 頁(yè) 共 167 頁(yè) long: Sweete Themmes! runne softly, till I end my Song. 6 ―Ye gentle Birdes! the worlds faire ornament, And heaven‘s glory, whom this happy hour Doth leade unto your lovers blissfull bower, Joy may you have and gentle hearts‘ content Of your love‘s couplement36: And let faire Venus, that is queene of loue, With her heartquelling son 37 upon you smile, Whose smile they say, hath virtu。其中一位say, In sweetest season31, when each flower and weede The earth did fresh aray: So fresh they seem39。d foul to them, and bade his billows spare To wet their silken feathers 24 , least they might Soyle their fair plumes with water not so fayre, And mar their beauties bright, That shone as heaven‘s light, Against their Brydale day, which was not long: Sweete Themmes! runne softly, till I end my Song. 4 Eftsoones 25 the nymphes, which now had flowers their fill, Ran all in haste, to see that silver brood26, As they came floating on the Christal Flood: Whom when they sawe, they stood amazed still, Their wondring eyes to fill: Them seem39。 11 Nymphs:神話中居于山林湖澤的仙女,此處喻迎接新娘的姑娘。 7 Whom sullen care, … afflict my brain. 斯賓塞當(dāng)時(shí)想在伊利莎白的宮廷里求一職位,終不可得,不免有些怨言。 Where every one, that misseth then her make, Shall be by him amearst with penance dew. Make4 hast, therefore, sweet love, whilest it is prime。如:他歌頌愛(ài)情,但有時(shí)卻只是借此形式歌頌伊利莎白女王;再則,愛(ài)情詩(shī)也大多是寫(xiě)牧羊人得不到愛(ài)情而引起的哀怨。總督實(shí)行強(qiáng)硬政策,東征西討,斯賓塞也隨軍遠(yuǎn)征。當(dāng)時(shí)的校長(zhǎng)是個(gè)新型的教育家,教授拉丁文、希臘文、古典文學(xué)、希伯來(lái)文、音樂(lè),并組織學(xué)生排演戲劇。 她的亡嘴唇她總擦得很干凈, 所以杯沿沒(méi)一點(diǎn)油膩的唇印, 盡管已就著杯子喝了好幾次; 進(jìn)食時(shí)她好一派得體的舉止。 他臉色黝黑,短發(fā)蓋在頭四周。 《英國(guó)文學(xué)》講義 第 18 頁(yè) 共 167 頁(yè) 他一度隨同騎十團(tuán)遠(yuǎn)征各地 —— 到過(guò)佛蘭德斯、阿圖瓦、皮卡第 —— 時(shí)間雖很短,