【正文】
andard of living and the way of thinking of world people vary with the times. In the market, alwaysnew excellent products are being born. Level of the requirement of people will vary according to those circumstances, so one excellent product might bee worthless tomorrow. Small defects might have been allowed before, but once better product appears, customer will shun the lower level products a Before claiming severe demand of your supervisor about quality, lets imagine the impression when we might buy such a defective products. 14 Everybody is responsible for Quality Control. Who makes excellent products? That is, everybody in the pany, from to each worker, including whole section. ⊙ Top management They are, ⊙ People in the planning section investigate demand of the market, and plan the merchandises that satisfy the demand. ⊙ People in the designing section study the technical method, material to realize the ideal merchandise. ⊙ People in the purchasing section purchase parts and materials of adequate quality with adequate price and timing. ⊙ People in the production section assemble them one by one with their qualityminded hand. ⊙ People in the sales section introduce these excellent products to make good service to the customers. These sections play each part, like an orchestra, conducted by top management, and beautiful harmony of them produce excellent product and service. everyone is responsible for his/her own job. How are the defective products produced? In conclusion, they are produced by the hand of man. It means, in other words, even highly automated machine that produces products without help of hands of man, it is basically operated and maintained by man. Of course, we do not intend to produce defective products, but the cause is that We don39。如果有必要再提高效果,就繼續(xù)行動(dòng)。當(dāng)然,高級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的關(guān)注與支持對(duì)品管活動(dòng)起著很大的促進(jìn)作用。 品管活動(dòng)之必要性不僅僅在於對(duì)勞動(dòng)力的需求,也在於每個(gè)人發(fā)揮自己的智力,用好的觀念去參與,使自己的工作職場(chǎng)變得更好。 但事實(shí)上,其真正原因乃是模具之 PIN 斷裂,導(dǎo)致塑膠孔變得淺些。但是,假如 100 個(gè)人,每個(gè)人犯 1/100 的錯(cuò),就意味著總共有將近 100% 的錯(cuò)。 全數(shù)檢驗(yàn): △ 如果要保證每件產(chǎn)品的品質(zhì) △ 納入了大批不合格品 △ 檢驗(yàn)成本低,可以全檢產(chǎn)品 抽樣檢驗(yàn) △ 為減少檢驗(yàn)成本,從部份樣品中評(píng)估品質(zhì)水準(zhǔn),進(jìn)而判定是否會(huì)給客戶或製程帶來(lái)重大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)基本上應(yīng)該是在每個(gè)製程得到保證的。 工作職場(chǎng)的品質(zhì)管制從作業(yè)規(guī)範(fàn)開始。 第四章 品質(zhì)保證之基本步 驟 41 產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)與我們工作之間的關(guān)係 每一個(gè)製程都要對(duì)產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)負(fù)責(zé)。這就是“分層”之範(fàn)例,並且如果我們從各方面來(lái)分層數(shù)據(jù)的話,我們就會(huì)找出最有效的原因。 我們可以把這種分散現(xiàn)象用直方圖表現(xiàn)出來(lái),這樣我們就可以知道在最小值為 1600 小時(shí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值下的不良百分比。 大的分枝是影響最終結(jié)果的直接原因,中間分枝是大分枝的原因,小分枝又是中間分枝的原因;因此每個(gè)分枝都形成了一個(gè)原因 結(jié)果相互關(guān)係的格式。為了獲得最大效益,我們必須知道哪些問題是最重要的,進(jìn)而按照優(yōu)先順序來(lái)全力解決它們。所以我們應(yīng)儘量不用文字描述,如“我想大概是 ......”之類的話,來(lái)檢討問題。(如一週檢查一次模具) (4) 建立檢測(cè)和記錄機(jī)制,確保對(duì)於不良要因的監(jiān)控能持續(xù)性地執(zhí)行。 比如: 每當(dāng)我們打贏了一場(chǎng)球賽,總會(huì)分析過程,看它是因?yàn)榍蛩嚲慷蜈A,還是由於對(duì)方失誤而僥倖獲勝。 要執(zhí)行計(jì)劃,每個(gè)人都應(yīng)保持「旺盛的企圖心」,利用最新的科技選擇「良好的方法」。在我們確定對(duì)策之前,必須先透過資料數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)了A很清楚地從數(shù)據(jù)中,並且透過群策群力來(lái)找出最大問題及其原因。(確認(rèn)) (4) 當(dāng)它們沒有朝著目標(biāo)發(fā)展時(shí) ,進(jìn)行必要的矯正。 無(wú)論如何,我們要誠(chéng)實(shí)、謙虛地觀察我們的工作,找出弱點(diǎn)。 △ 設(shè)計(jì)處的人員就要研究如何達(dá)到理想產(chǎn)品之技術(shù)方法及材料。 12 優(yōu)良的產(chǎn)品 受到全世界人們歡迎的優(yōu)良產(chǎn)品是 … (1) 品質(zhì)優(yōu)良 △ 性能良好 △ 簡(jiǎn)單舒適的操作 △ 良好的使用期限 △ 可靠安全 △ 外型美觀、產(chǎn)品合格 △ 快速滿意的服務(wù) △ 引以為豪的信譽(yù)度 (2) 價(jià)格合理 △ 給客戶滿意的價(jià)格,同時(shí)也 認(rèn)識(shí)產(chǎn)品的價(jià)值。 4. 並非只顧事物之「結(jié)果」,而是重視其「過程」。接著一個(gè)月以後再讀一遍,你就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)有些東西的確很實(shí)用,結(jié)合你的工作,每半年看一遍,你會(huì)受益非淺。如果你能理解此書所描述的品管理論的基本概念,你至少可以解決 80% 的品質(zhì)問題。 品質(zhì)管理實(shí)踐的十原則: 1. 品質(zhì)管理,先從正確地掌握、認(rèn)識(shí)現(xiàn)狀開始。 9. 一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)異常馬上行動(dòng),找出真正原因再做出因應(yīng)之策。 如果說(shuō)以前還可以接受產(chǎn)品的某些不良,但一旦有了更好產(chǎn)品,他們就會(huì)摒棄這種低水準(zhǔn)產(chǎn)品。 15 每個(gè)人應(yīng)對(duì)他自己的工作負(fù)責(zé) 不合格品怎麼產(chǎn)生的? 追根究柢,它們是手工製造產(chǎn)品。 第二章 如何實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo): 21 管理循環(huán)( PlanDoCheckAction) 為了達(dá)到我們的目的(例如,減少不良率,控制到一定水準(zhǔn)),我們必須進(jìn)行以下四個(gè)步驟: (1) 我們必須明確目標(biāo),確立實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)之手段。 回頭來(lái)看,要達(dá)到你的工作目的,你的主要管制點(diǎn)是甚麼? 22 現(xiàn)況分析與把握 我們經(jīng)常做事情沒有深思熟慮,到頭來(lái)又後悔缺乏準(zhǔn)備與調(diào)查。很多時(shí)候,周全的計(jì)劃和準(zhǔn)備才能產(chǎn)生好結(jié)果。 如前所述,制定計(jì)劃的時(shí)候就必須確立管理要素。 (1) 首先,我們必須消除包括在庫(kù)內(nèi)的不合格品。 首先,我們必須用雙眼去了解和觀察工作現(xiàn)場(chǎng)及實(shí)際之不合格品。 這些相關(guān)因素之表單完成以後,要定期檢查,同時(shí)在表單上註明“ OK ”還是“ NG ”或是相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)。例如,我們的汽車煞車失靈就會(huì)有很多原因。 極好的產(chǎn)品其品質(zhì)分散程度要少些,不然,我們的用戶就會(huì)感到不方便了。 能找出原因的一個(gè)最現(xiàn)實(shí)的方法是層別法,當(dāng)某一機(jī)器的軸的直徑超出了範(fàn)圍,且數(shù)據(jù)是兩臺(tái)機(jī)器產(chǎn)生,我們就必須分層地找出與各機(jī)器相關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)。 (2) 管制圖 分散包含各種原因,一個(gè)是必然原因(如普通機(jī)器引起之分散),另一種是特殊原因(如:由材料的不同品質(zhì)產(chǎn)生之分散)。一個(gè)人的 口頭說(shuō)明和記憶並不總是可信的,因此我們必須規(guī)範(fàn)它們成為“作業(yè)規(guī)範(fàn)”。 現(xiàn)在我們來(lái)思考品管 ~ “你知道品管是甚麼嗎?” “你了解執(zhí)行品管作業(yè)時(shí),哪些部份是較難推動(dòng)的?” “你能否成功地執(zhí)行品管嗎?” 44 在製程中建立品質(zhì) 有人說(shuō)“我們的產(chǎn)品是經(jīng)過嚴(yán)格檢驗(yàn)的,絕對(duì)可靠”,這種說(shuō)法對(duì)嗎?先產(chǎn)出一大堆不合格品,然後經(jīng)過嚴(yán)格的檢驗(yàn)挑選,這是一個(gè)很大的損失。 我們有時(shí)出錯(cuò)就是因?yàn)闆]有明確的判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。我們必須確立點(diǎn)檢制度,決定每樣工具和機(jī)器之重要查檢點(diǎn),準(zhǔn)備點(diǎn)檢表,以便定期查檢。 48 對(duì)異?,F(xiàn)象應(yīng)快速反映 在我們?nèi)粘9ぷ髦?,?jīng)常容易注意到異?,F(xiàn)象,但如果它們不直接影響生產(chǎn),經(jīng)常會(huì)被 忽略。 △ 對(duì)改善對(duì)策採(cǎi)取行動(dòng)的速度 ,反映出貴單位品管的水準(zhǔn)。 53 組織編成與領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的選任 品管領(lǐng)域的活動(dòng)最主要的觀念在於工作職場(chǎng)全體人員的自願(yuàn)參與。活動(dòng)應(yīng)該安排能使每個(gè)人都能發(fā) 揮作用,這樣全體的意思才會(huì)被採(cǎi)納。 希望此書能輔佐你工作職場(chǎng)生動(dòng)的品管活動(dòng)。s make the target clear. Secondly, it is very important to set up the target clearly. To make the ideal situation that we want to or have to realize clear is very helpful to concentrate the mental power of everybody. The target is set up relating to the pany policy or target, or sometimes set up independently in order to improve our own workshop. Independent target is like a target of sports, paring our situation to the record of the petitor, and in order to approach or clear the record of others, we set up the higher target Properly. So let39。s observe the fact, and collect the data. In our daily activities there are many cases where we talk and discuss without confirming the fact. Moreover, sometimes it happens that something to be believed as the tact is found that it was not the fact but an opinion of somebody. In such a way, we cannot proceed quality control scientifically and it is difficult to improve quality of products or quality control system. First, we have to watch and observe the workshop and actual defective products by our own eyes. When we get an information of trouble, immediate visit to the workshop is necessary. This action is called, Onthespot confirmation. The scientific approach begins by data and numbers. Let39。s study relationship between Product Quality and your job. Each process of operation is responsible for final product Quality. For example, even a small operation like picking up the parts could cause defective products, because of rusting mg by grease of finger, or deformation when it is