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易可以增加一個新的站到一個已經(jīng)存在 CAN 網(wǎng)絡里,而不用對已經(jīng)存在的站進行任何硬件或軟件上的修改,但必須此新增的站為完全的接收者,這樣它將不會對網(wǎng)絡上 各節(jié)點的通訊產(chǎn)生影響。發(fā)送站發(fā)出的幀起始字段產(chǎn)生一個“占有”電平( dominant level),標志發(fā)送開始。當一個站點狀態(tài)改變時,它可廣播發(fā)送信息到所有站點。這是顯示錯誤以得到重新發(fā)送的最后可能區(qū)域。 3)檢驗區(qū) 顯示數(shù)據(jù)區(qū)中包含的數(shù)據(jù)數(shù)目。故數(shù)據(jù)總線里的數(shù)據(jù)并沒有指定的接收者,而是被所有的控制單元接收及計算。 4.數(shù)據(jù)傳輸線 它是雙向的,對數(shù)據(jù)進行傳輸。除了數(shù)據(jù)傳輸線,其他元件都置于控制單元內(nèi)部。 雖說這時的一些系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)達 到了可以正式生產(chǎn)的階段,但是在這個時期出現(xiàn)了非常重要的事情,對現(xiàn)在來說也是如此:德國的 Robert Bosch 公司提出了汽車車載局域網(wǎng)( LAN)的基本協(xié)議 ,此協(xié)議為眾所周之的控制器局域網(wǎng)( Controller Area Network) ,簡稱 CAN。有些先進的轎車除了上述 2 根 CAN 總線外,還有第 3 根 CAN 總線,它主要負責衛(wèi)星導航及智能通信系統(tǒng)。在這種規(guī)則下,數(shù)據(jù)總線在每一時刻只能被2 個 部件占用,在 2 個部件之間傳遞信號。 汽車電控系統(tǒng)的增加雖然提高了轎車的動力性、經(jīng)濟性和舒適性,但是汽車電腦與電腦之間進行信息傳遞時,有幾個信號就要有幾條信號傳輸線(信號傳輸線的接地端可以采用公共回路)。 CAN 總線具有實時性強、傳輸距離較遠、抗電磁干擾能力強 。在自動化電子領域的汽車發(fā)動機控制部件、傳感器、抗滑系統(tǒng)等應用中, CAN 的位速率可高達 1Mbps。在最求汽車小型化及實用化的今天,粗大的線束不但占用了汽車上寶貴的空間資源,而且也越來越難以將它安裝到隱蔽位置。由于電信號傳播的速度極快,因此數(shù)據(jù)總線完全可以滿足許多部件進行分時信號傳遞的需要。 數(shù)據(jù)總線技術引入汽車,對汽車電子技術的發(fā)展起到了積極的推進作用并逐漸得到廣泛的應用。目前控制系統(tǒng)局域網(wǎng)應用最廣的標準就是 CAN。控制單元功能不變,如圖 所示。兩條線分別被稱為 CAN 高線和 CAN 低線。 1.提供數(shù)據(jù) 控制單元向 CAN 控制器提供數(shù)據(jù)用于傳輸。該區(qū)可以讓接收者檢驗其是否收到傳輸來的全部信息。 3.接收數(shù)據(jù) 所有與 CAN 數(shù)據(jù)總線一起構(gòu)成網(wǎng)絡的控制單元成為接收器。 CAN BUS 的信息傳輸通過報文進行,報文幀有 4 種類型:數(shù)據(jù)幀、遠程幀、出錯幀和超載幀。所有站以首先開始發(fā)送站的幀起始前沿來同步。 CAN 總線的可靠性 為防止汽車在使用壽命期內(nèi)由于數(shù)據(jù)交換錯誤而對司機造成危險,汽車的安全系統(tǒng)要求數(shù)據(jù)傳輸具有較高的安全性。例如 ,CAN 網(wǎng)絡的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率最大為 1Mbps,如果數(shù)據(jù)傳輸能力僅使用 50%,那么對于一個工作壽命 4000小時、平均報文長度為 80 位的系統(tǒng) ,所傳送的數(shù)據(jù)總量為 9 1010。 CAN 協(xié)議是一個被定義為 ISO11898 的國際標準,除了 CAN 協(xié)議本身外, CAN協(xié)議的一致性測試也被定義為 ISO16845 標準,它描述了 CAN 芯片的互換性。 ( 2) 動力 CAN 數(shù)據(jù)總線 CAN 數(shù)據(jù)傳輸系統(tǒng)由車載網(wǎng)絡控制單元 J55數(shù)據(jù)總線的診斷接口 J53儀表板控制單元 J285 以及發(fā)動機控制單元、自動變速器控制單元、 ABS 控制單元、安全氣囊控制單元、轉(zhuǎn)向輔助控制單元等組成。如果控制單元識別到車載網(wǎng)絡系統(tǒng)中電壓低于 時,車載網(wǎng)絡系統(tǒng) 13 控制單元將會提高發(fā)動機怠速轉(zhuǎn)速,關閉座椅加熱裝置、后窗加熱裝置和 外 后視鏡加熱裝置等,同時降低空調(diào)壓縮機的功率,以保持車輛行駛能力并確保其重新起動能力 。 ( 3) 燃油供給控制 POLO2022 中汽油發(fā)動機有一個新的燃油供給控制裝置,用燃油泵繼電器 J17和燃油供給繼電器 J643 并聯(lián)來代替單個集成防撞燃油關閉裝置的燃油繼電器。 ,燃油泵通過燃油繼電器由發(fā)動機控制單元控制。 ( 8)轉(zhuǎn)向信號和報警燈控制 車載網(wǎng)絡系統(tǒng)控制單元對信號和報警燈可以實現(xiàn)如下控制功能: ①轉(zhuǎn)向燈閃爍 (左、右轉(zhuǎn)向 )。 CAN 驅(qū)動裝置數(shù)據(jù)總線系統(tǒng)以 500KB/s 的傳輸速度工作,以使在對安全較重要的系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部能進行快速的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸。要進行系統(tǒng)間的信息交換需要建立連接,這個連接通過數(shù)據(jù)總線的診斷接口 J533 實現(xiàn)。 ④ .檢查汽車數(shù)據(jù)總線系統(tǒng)的鏈路是否存在故障,采用替換法成采用跨線法進 18 行檢測。這種功能故障對數(shù)據(jù)總線 系統(tǒng)有間接影響,即會影響需要該傳感器信號的控制單元的信息接收。 ② .3 個或更多控制單元組成的數(shù)據(jù)總線系統(tǒng)的檢測 檢測時,先讀出控制單元的故障碼。 大眾 POLO 乘用車的動力 CAN 數(shù)據(jù)總線系統(tǒng)逐一連接各控制單元。 ( 2) 故障分析 該車設有上述 CAN 數(shù)據(jù)總線系統(tǒng)。如果信號不正常,說明網(wǎng)線自身有故障 ,需檢修網(wǎng)線。t appealed against the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you. However, if you win your case, the tribunal may reduce any pensation awarded to you as a result of your failure to appeal. Remember that in most cases you must make an application to an employment tribunal within three months of the date when the event you are plaining about happened. If your application is received after this time limit, the tribunal will not usually accept it. If you are worried about how the time limits apply to you, take advice from one of the anisations listed under Further help. Employment tribunals are less formal than some other courts, but it is still a legal process and you will need to give evidence under an oath or affirmation. Most people find making a claim to an employment tribunal challenging. If you are thinking about making a claim to an employment tribunal, you should get help straight away from one of the anisations listed under Further help. If you are being represented by a solicitor at the tribunal, they may ask you to sign an agreement where you pay their fee out of your pensation if you win the case. This is known as a damagesbased agreement. In England and Wales, your solicitor can39。s governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referee39。 Junior high school, thought to have a crush on just means that the real growth, but over the past three years later, his writing of alumni in peace, suddenly found that isn39。想要的,不想要的,界限明確,好像沒有什么可以撼動自己。t start planning... Those years, those days of do, finally, like youth, will end in our life. 此刻,天空是陰暗的,空氣里有著剛下過雨之后的清新因子。 Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted. r plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our daytoday weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest ( miles/ kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of mercial airliners ( miles/ kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence. The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda. The weatheThe balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform. Below, the Earth bees the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, he39。嫌惡過自己的怯懦,最終卻發(fā)現(xiàn)有很多 緣分 ,有很多錯過,好像冥冥之中真的已經(jīng)注定。 Then in high school, think don39。s plaint. In a statement the Ru