【正文】
理論的關(guān)鍵在于只關(guān)注個(gè)體采取某種行動(dòng)后會(huì)帶來(lái)什么后果。 2022 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 16–23 Designing Motivating Jobs ? Job Design工作設(shè)計(jì) ?將各種任務(wù)組合起來(lái)構(gòu)成全部工作的方法。 ?任務(wù)重要性:指一項(xiàng)工作對(duì)員工生活或其他人工作的實(shí)際影響程度。 2022 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 16–28 Motivation and Perception ?公平 Equity Theory ?個(gè)體總是將自己的付出-所得比與相關(guān)他人的付出-所得比進(jìn)行比較。 169。 2022 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 16–35 它包括三項(xiàng)變量或三種聯(lián)系 :①努力-績(jī)效聯(lián)系(期望):個(gè)體感到通過(guò)一定程度的努力可以達(dá)到某種工作績(jī)效的可能性 ;②績(jī)效-獎(jiǎng)賞聯(lián)系(手段):個(gè)體相信達(dá)到一定績(jī)效水平后即可獲得理想結(jié)果的程度 ——問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵是,員工知覺(jué)到了什么結(jié)果,無(wú)論他的知覺(jué)是否正確; ③獎(jiǎng)賞的吸引力(效價(jià)):可獲得的結(jié)果或獎(jiǎng)賞對(duì)個(gè)體的重要性程度,效價(jià)主要關(guān)心的是個(gè)人的目標(biāo)與需要 ——它取決于員工的態(tài)度、個(gè)性及需要。 2022 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 16–41 Current Issues in Motivation (cont’d) ? Motivating 應(yīng)急工 ?提供成為長(zhǎng)期員工的機(jī)會(huì) ?提供培訓(xùn)的機(jī)會(huì) ? Motivating 低技能 , 工資最低的員工 ?Employee recognition programs員工識(shí)別方案 ?Provision of sincere praise認(rèn)可和鼓勵(lì) 169。 2022 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 16–47 Terms to Know ? motivation ? hierarchy of needs theory ? physiological needs ? safety needs ? social needs ? esteem needs ? selfactualization needs ? Theory X ? Theory Y ? motivationhygiene theory ? hygiene factors ? motivators ? threeneeds theory ? need for achievement (nAch) ? need for power (nPow) ? need for affiliation (nAff) ? goalsetting theory ? selfefficacy ? reinforcement theory ? reinforcers ? job design ? job scope ? job enlargement 169。 2022 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 16–43 Current Issues in Motivation (cont’d) ? Designing Appropriate Rewards Programs (cont’d) ?Stock option programs股票期權(quán)方案 ? Using financial instruments (in lieu of moary pensation) that give employees the right to purchase shares of pany stock at a set (option) price. ? Options have value if the stock price rises above the option price。 2022 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 16–36 期望理論的核心內(nèi)容:這一理論的關(guān)鍵在于要弄清個(gè)人目標(biāo)以及三種聯(lián)系,它提醒我們要注意四個(gè)方面: ①期望理論強(qiáng)調(diào)報(bào)酬或獎(jiǎng)賞,我們需要確信組織給個(gè)體提供的獎(jiǎng)賞正是他們所需要的; ②期望理論認(rèn)為沒(méi)有一種普遍適用的原理能解釋員工的激勵(lì)問(wèn)題; ③期望理論注重被期望的行為; ④期望理論關(guān)心的是人們的知覺(jué),而與客觀實(shí)際情況無(wú)關(guān),個(gè)體對(duì)工作績(jī)效、獎(jiǎng)賞、目標(biāo)滿足的知覺(jué)(而不是客觀情況本身),決定了他們的動(dòng)機(jī)水平(努力程度)。 2022 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 16–32 Motivation and Perception (cont’d) ?公平 Theory (cont’d) ?分配 Distributive justice ? The perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of rewards among individuals (., who received what). – Influences an employee’s satisfaction. ?程序 Procedural justice ? The perceived fairness of the process use to determine the distribution of rewards (., how who received what). – Affects an employee’s anizational mitment. 169。 169。 ?工作反饋:指員工在完成任務(wù)的過(guò)程中,可以直接而