【正文】 包括：城市人歧視農(nóng)村人，大城市人歧視外地人，經(jīng)濟(jì)文化發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)的人歧視經(jīng)濟(jì)文化落后地區(qū)的人。招聘經(jīng)理則需要 25 年的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)。正是由于實(shí)行戶籍管制制度才導(dǎo)致了戶籍歧視現(xiàn)象的產(chǎn)生。如果 某 求職者的年齡超過 40 歲，那么 該 求職者就業(yè)就非常困難，基本難以找到合適的工作。 一般的，當(dāng)有男性可用的情況下，雇主很有可能拒絕女性應(yīng)聘者；在能夠解雇女性雇員的條件下 ，很少 去解雇男性雇員。 （ 六） 搜尋成本歧視理論 該理論認(rèn)為，在勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)上，不是所有的雇主都具有歧視偏好或歧視行為。 （四） 雙重勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng) 歧視 理論 通常，勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)被劃分為兩大不可競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性類型：高級(jí)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)和初級(jí)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)。有些經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為，勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)是不 完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的，而歧視正是由個(gè)別企業(yè) 的 壟斷造成的。所以，雇員的歧視態(tài)度與行為會(huì)使無歧視行為的雇主為雇傭被歧視群體支付更高的成本代價(jià)。雇主是有歧視偏見的，他為了達(dá)到與一部分人保持距離的目的而寧愿支付費(fèi)用或者放棄某種收入。當(dāng)然，經(jīng)濟(jì)上的不平等并不意味著歧視的存在，收入的變化反映著邊際收益和工作時(shí)數(shù)的變化，而教育程度、工作技能和工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)等因素都會(huì)造成這種變化。本文主要是從勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)歧視的概念、理論、現(xiàn)狀、影響觀點(diǎn)上地闡述，并由此提出了解決對(duì)策。 ................ 11 （二）、對(duì)歧視作出明確的界定。然而在現(xiàn)實(shí)中，我國(guó)的勞 動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)存在著較為普遍的勞動(dòng)力歧視現(xiàn)象。比如在我國(guó)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)上 存在著性別歧視、戶籍歧視、年齡歧視、學(xué)歷歧視等現(xiàn)象， 這些歧視在我國(guó)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)中造成了 勞動(dòng)力自由流動(dòng) 受阻 、合格人才的浪費(fèi)、人力資源資本的提高等影響， 并且 對(duì)就業(yè)的增長(zhǎng) 也 產(chǎn)生了消極 的 影響，阻礙我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和和諧社會(huì)建設(shè)。 ................................. 11 （三）、建立勞動(dòng)公益訴訟制度和不當(dāng)勞動(dòng)行為制度。 一、 勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)歧視概念 （一） 歧視的概念 從廣義上 來 說，歧視的概念是在中性意義上使用的，是指“有所區(qū)別的對(duì)待”。 （二） 勞動(dòng)力歧視的概念 勞動(dòng)力是指以自身的勞動(dòng)作為商品買賣的個(gè)體勞動(dòng)力，其有自然屬性和社會(huì)屬性。盡管經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的研究表明，從長(zhǎng)期考慮，那些歧視偏好弱、利潤(rùn)大的企業(yè)將向外擴(kuò)張，而那些歧視偏好強(qiáng)以致利潤(rùn)少的企業(yè)所占的市場(chǎng)份額將越來越小，由于成本較高，這些企業(yè)可能從這個(gè)行業(yè)排擠出去。如果這種壓力足夠大，就會(huì)使得雇主被迫減少對(duì)被歧視者的勞動(dòng)力需求量并降低其工資水平。這是因?yàn)楠?dú)家壟斷企業(yè)不會(huì) 是勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)上被動(dòng)的工資接受者，他們有能力決定市場(chǎng)上的工資水平。在高級(jí)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)，工作所對(duì)應(yīng)的是相對(duì)較高的工資率 、較為穩(wěn)定的就業(yè)、良好的工作環(huán)境以及 順暢的 發(fā)展機(jī)會(huì)； 在 初級(jí)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng) ，工作則往往對(duì)應(yīng)較低的工資率 、不穩(wěn)定的就業(yè)崗位、較差的工作條件、較低的技術(shù)水平和寥寥的職業(yè)發(fā)展機(jī)會(huì)。并且正在尋找工作的女性或其他受歧視的勞動(dòng)者也不知道哪一位雇主會(huì)接受或拒絕他們，即他們沒有 掌握勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的全部信息。即使在當(dāng)今社會(huì)，在招聘廣告中也 常能 看到：“ 男性優(yōu)先 ”或者“只招男生”。 目前我國(guó)實(shí)行強(qiáng)制性的退休年齡，規(guī)定男性為 60 歲， 女性為 55 歲（特殊工種除外）。戶籍歧視在勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)上主要變現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)方面：勞動(dòng)力進(jìn)入的地域限制和行業(yè)限制。一些政府部門在公開招聘干部時(shí)也往往要加這些限定條件。此外，還對(duì)某一省級(jí)、某一地區(qū)的人的歧視。 從整個(gè)社會(huì)來看，僅以入城民工與城市下崗職工進(jìn)行比較，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)二者相差懸殊。具體而言 這種勞動(dòng)力行業(yè)的限制又可大體分為兩類 ：（ 1） 無差別性限制。即使他們好不容易在城里找到了一份工作，也不能享受到城里工人享有的失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)和社會(huì)救濟(jì)制度。這在很大程度上增加了社會(huì)就業(yè)成本 ， 降低了社會(huì)福利總水平。 （二）、對(duì)歧視作出 明確的界定。因此 ， 中國(guó)應(yīng)在將來建立公益訴訟制度時(shí)將就業(yè)歧視納入其調(diào)整范圍。從經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)角度看，由偏見驅(qū)使的歧視導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)資源配置的非效率性，這肯定是與企業(yè)的利潤(rùn)最大化目標(biāo)相背離的， 而持有偏見的雇主卻能夠接受這種企業(yè)目標(biāo)的背離。 （六）、提供充分勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)信息。一些受歧視群體通常沒有或者沒有能力在人力資本方面進(jìn)行足夠的投資 ， 而且人力資本的公共投資也存在著分配的不平等。政府通過對(duì)勞動(dòng)歧視現(xiàn)象的消除即可以增加市場(chǎng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性從而使經(jīng)濟(jì)生活更有效率，同時(shí)更有利于實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)正義。80s. We sat on the back of pickup trucks for hours. The sky was blue, and we couldn39。s Liaoning province, decades ago. The solider gave the old man a handmade saddle when they bid farewell. The story inspired Nasun to write Carved Saddle, a song that later became one of his most popular numbers. Now, every year, Nasun recruits young singers and dancers for the troupe. The troupe has also designed a new repertoire, which is mostly based on the daily lives of Mongolian people, especially the lives of nomadic families, and has bined contemporary musical elements with folk songs of the region. Haimu, a 25yearold khoomei (a local variant of overtone singing) singer, joined the troupe three years ago. Along with a sixmember band, he performs fast songs and soft ones that he writes－ all while playing the horsehead fiddle.Although I learned the piano since childhood and grew up listening to various kinds of music, to me, the folk music of Inner Mongolia is the root, he says. Performing in remote villages is pleasant. I feel at home on the boundless grasslands, and the warm people there make me feel fulfilled. The first round of spring auction season in Beijing ended last week, but it failed to create much spring in the art market. Although two pieces of Chinese painting fetched more than 100 million yuan, the decline in trading volume and sa le rate showed a downturn this year. In the ―Grand View: Chinese Painting Highlight‖ session at China Guardian 2021 spring auctions, Pan Tianshou’s representative work Eagle, Rock and Flora hit a record auction price of 279 million yuan, while Li Keran’s masterwork Jinggang Mountain fetched million yuan, an unexpected high in recent years. However, the trading volume fells to billion yuan from billion yuan in the same period the year before. The Huangchen 2021 Spring Auctions, which recorded million yuan in total sales, experienced the same. The section number went down to 5 from 12 pared to last year. According to expert Shao Jianwu, the art market did not attract much excitement this year due to the booming stock market and the persistent problems of fery and fake deals. The two pieces of Chinese painting notched up high price this spring due to their own value not due to a revival in the market. The successful transaction of two works with a hammer price of more than 100 million yuan once again confirms that valuable and rare works of high quality always earn the longlasting high price. Chinese painting and calligraphy is still the pillar of the market. However, the overall sales rate has dropped slightly, which reflects the demand for the ordinary auction goods has weakened,‖ said the president of China Guardian’s Hu Yanyan. Besides, the entry of new buyers also makes certain changes to the direction of purchasing. In a word, the overall market trend is very unpredictable. Although China Guardian 2021 Spring Auctions has achieved remarkable results, it does not mean that the market has walked out of the predicament. We still have to wait for the big economic boom to invigorate the art market.‖ Even so, the hot pursuit of some special items appeared this spring. A special session of China Guardian Spring Auctions titled ―Fine Gilt—Bronze Buddhist Images‖ achieved a great deal with total sales volume of million yuan and 92 percent sale rate. The 5th Shamar Rinpoc