【正文】 om studying the stars and the plas to studying molecules and viruses. Beginning with the Greeks and Hipparchus, continuing through Ptolemy, Copernicus and Galileo, and today with our work on the International Space Station, man continues to learn more and more about the heavens. From here, we look inward to biochemistry and biology. To truly understand biochemistry, scientists study and see the unseen by studying the chemistry of biological processes. This science, along with biophysics, aims to bring a better understanding of how bodies work – from how we turn food into energy to how nerve impulses transmit. analytic geometry, branch of geometry in which points are represented with respect to a coordinate system, such as Cartesian coordinates, and in which the approach to geometric problems is primarily algebraic. Its most mon application is in the representation of equations involving two or three variables as curves in two or three dimensions or surfaces in three dimensions. For example, the linear equation ax+by+c=0 represents a straight line in thexyplane, and the linear equation ax+by+cz+d=0 represents a plane in space, where a, b,。s first oneman show in 1948 established him as a highly influential artist. His intensely plicated abstract paintings of the 1940s were followed by images of Woman, grotesque versions of buxom womanhood, which were virtually unparalleled in the sustained savagery of their execution. Painters such as Philip Guston and Franz Kline turned to the abstract late in the 1940s and soon developed strikingly original styles—the former, lyrical and evocative, the latter, forceful and boldly dramatic. Other important artists involved with the movement included Hans Hofmann, Robert Motherwell, and Mark Rothko。 an enzyme (cholinesterase) breaks the transmitter down into choline and an acetate ion. The choline is then available for reuptake into the nerve terminal. These same principles apply to cholinergic transmission at sites other than neuromuscular junctions, although the structure of the synapses differs. In the autonomic nervous system these include nervetonerve synapses at the relay stations (ganglia) in both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, and the endings of parasympathetic nerve fibres on nonvoluntary (smooth) muscle, the heart, and glandular cells。做這種句子時(shí)有一點(diǎn)要特別注意 別忘了常在比較狀語(yǔ)中用 any ,other , else 類的字眼，以將比較主體排除在比較對(duì)象以外，因?yàn)樽约翰豢梢耘c自己相比較。s performance. 他對(duì)足球隊(duì)的表現(xiàn)越來(lái)越不滿意了。 She came even earlier than I asked (him to). 她來(lái)得 甚至比我叫她來(lái)的時(shí)間還要早。 4）不同級(jí)的比較主要用表示于人與人、 事物與事物之間不同之處的比較，其意義為 A 比 B更（怎么樣）一些 。例 如： Asia is four tomes as large as Europe. 亞洲有歐洲的四倍大（亞洲比歐洲大三倍）。例如： My parcel is as heavy as yours . 我的包裹與他的一樣沉。 2)比較級(jí) + than引導(dǎo)不同級(jí)的比較。 第 33 單元 在本單元中，你將學(xué)習(xí)了解旅游和探險(xiǎn)方面的內(nèi)容。 Her clothes were all wet.（作副詞） 她的衣服全濕了。t been caught by something, I would have e to your party yesterday.(事實(shí)是：我昨天被某些事纏住了 ) 我昨天要不是被些事纏住了，我就會(huì)去參加你們的聚會(huì)了。 第 27 單元 在本單元中，你將學(xué)習(xí)了解互聯(lián)網(wǎng)對(duì)人們?nèi)粘Ｉ畹挠绊憽? She is said to have published a new book .據(jù)說(shuō)她又出版了一本書(shū)。m sorry to have left you here alone so long .對(duì)不起，讓你一個(gè)人在這里呆了這么久。我要給一位朋友送行。例如： A）在將來(lái)某時(shí)候正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作： You can have a meeting in my office on Friday . I won39。 They heard him reading something aloud in the next room. 他們聽(tīng)見(jiàn)他在隔壁房間朗讀。例如： When we came near his garden, we found his house being painted . 當(dāng)我們 走近他的花園時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)他的房子正在做油漆。常用分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有： find , feel , get , have , hear , keep , notice , see , watch等。 Being surrounded by a large crowd of his fans , Jordan could hardly move a step further. 喬丹被他的一大群球迷簇?fù)碇?，他幾乎無(wú)法挪動(dòng)一步。例如： Please take notes while listening to the report .聽(tīng)報(bào)告時(shí)請(qǐng)作好筆記。 Choked by the heavy smoke , he could hardly breathe . （表示原因）他被濃煙嗆了，幾乎不能呼吸了。從另一方面看，我們可以說(shuō) 分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果主語(yǔ)和分詞動(dòng)作構(gòu)成的是 主謂關(guān)系 ，我們用現(xiàn)在分詞；如果主語(yǔ)和分詞動(dòng)作構(gòu)成的是 動(dòng)賓關(guān)系 ，我們就用過(guò)去分詞。例如： The news is really exciting .那消息真讓人興奮。 They reduced the number of animals used in experiments. 他們減少了用于試驗(yàn)的動(dòng)物數(shù)量。 The man delivering mails to my office every day is a retired worker . 給我辦公室送郵件的人是位退休工人 . Our president is a man loved by all . 我們的總裁是一位受人愛(ài)戴的人。 Hearing Xiong Ni win the first place finally , we all jumped with joy . 聽(tīng)到熊倪最后獲得了第一名，我們都高興得跳起來(lái)了。 過(guò)去分詞 : 1）分詞和與其相關(guān)的名詞、代詞之間構(gòu)成一種 動(dòng)賓關(guān)系 ，即 被動(dòng)態(tài) 。這就是說(shuō)，在決定 分詞的形式 之前，先要利用 動(dòng)作意義 去分析句子的意思，去分析 分詞動(dòng)作 與有關(guān)方面的詞之間的關(guān)系。 要點(diǎn)提示： 初學(xué)者在使用分詞的時(shí)候往往有這樣一種困惑 在選用分詞去 擔(dān)當(dāng)句子的某個(gè)成分時(shí)，不知道是選用它的現(xiàn)在分詞形式，還是選用它的過(guò)去分詞形式。 第 21 單元 在本單元中，你將學(xué)習(xí)了解人類與地球資源之間的關(guān)系。學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)：學(xué)習(xí)與餐飲及廢物利用相關(guān)的詞匯；學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)去分詞的用法；學(xué)習(xí)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 can 和 must 在被動(dòng)句中的用法；學(xué)習(xí)真實(shí)條件句；復(fù)習(xí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。 語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)： inhabitant 居民 house 給 …… 提供住處 rural 農(nóng)村的 double 翻一倍 moreover 而且 growth 增長(zhǎng) consequence 后果 considerable 巨大的 challenge 挑戰(zhàn) result(from) 是 ……的結(jié)果 migration 移居 movement 流動(dòng) factor 因素 availability 可獲得性 move 流動(dòng)、遷移 area 地區(qū) method 方法 deforestation 森林砍伐 flood 洪水泛濫 social 社會(huì)的 structure 結(jié)構(gòu) lead 導(dǎo)致 furthermore 另外 civil war 內(nèi)戰(zhàn) soil erosion 水土流失 lead to 導(dǎo)致 sand dune 沙丘 forest belt 森林防護(hù)帶 antidesertification project 防沙漠化工程 apparently 顯然地 marketing strategy 營(yíng)銷策略 takeaway 外賣(mài)食品 pick up 撿起 what a waste 真是浪費(fèi) without another thought 想都沒(méi)有想 to think twice 三思而行 do with 處理 recycling method 回收利用的方法 shut down 關(guān)閉 cut down 減少 wind park 風(fēng)場(chǎng) ffshore wind 離岸風(fēng) coalfired 燒煤的 power station 發(fā)電站 turn down 降低 see about 查詢 語(yǔ)法： 分詞是 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 的另一種形式，它有兩種形式：現(xiàn)在分詞（ Present Participle）和過(guò)去分詞（ Past Participle）。 同樣，當(dāng) do 作為 做 的意義用時(shí)， did 和 done 的 動(dòng)作意義 都是 做 。 2）現(xiàn)在分詞表示一個(gè) 正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作 ； 或是表示一個(gè) 在現(xiàn)在或過(guò)去一段時(shí) 間內(nèi)經(jīng)?；膭?dòng)作 。 She is interested in music . 她對(duì)音樂(lè)很感興趣。 The window is broken . 這窗戶是破的。下面我們來(lái)具體看看分詞作定語(yǔ)的情況： That is an interesting TV theater .那是一部非常有趣的電視劇。 2）作表語(yǔ) 現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)主要是表示主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)、特征；而過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)則多表示主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)?？傊?，分詞的主語(yǔ)必須與句子的主語(yǔ)一致，或是同一個(gè)人或是同一件事。例如： Not knowing his phone number, I wrote him a letter . （表示原因）