【正文】 nd the presence of tourist businesses, it is also necessary to have the munity and local capabilities (., local leadership and formal and informal works) directly involved in tourism development and promotion effort (Murphy 1985). While the munity approach may be an effective way to develop and promote tourism, creating the necessary intermunity cooperation and collaboration is a plex and difficult process. Businesses are asked to share resources while simultaneously peting. Local governments may see collaborating to develop tourism as risky, or they may be worried about losing control over local decision making (Huang and Stewart 1996。 20 世紀(jì) 80 年代在中西部 發(fā)生的農(nóng)業(yè)危機(jī) 也導(dǎo)致 了農(nóng)民和重組制農(nóng)場(chǎng)的減少 ，迫使一些農(nóng)戶 為 增加收入 而參與 非農(nóng)工作， 或 離開農(nóng)場(chǎng)，或宣布破產(chǎn)。鄉(xiāng)村旅游 比 起其他的農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略例如制造業(yè)相對(duì)來說開發(fā)成本較低且建立較容易。 此外，鄉(xiāng)村旅游與現(xiàn)有的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)如農(nóng)場(chǎng)（例如，采場(chǎng)）發(fā)展較好并且可以為家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)產(chǎn)生第二收入（ 奧普曼 1996）。像其他的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略 一樣 ，鄉(xiāng)村旅游 的成功 需要若干部分 的 組成。顧名思義，該方法認(rèn)為，旅游是一個(gè)社區(qū)和產(chǎn)品，隨著旅游企業(yè) 創(chuàng)業(yè)技能的發(fā)展 ， 以及當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū) （例如，當(dāng)?shù)氐念I(lǐng)導(dǎo)和正式 或 非正式網(wǎng)絡(luò)）直接參與旅游的開發(fā)和促銷的努力（莫非 1985）。 tourist experience。 鄉(xiāng)村 旅游 作為經(jīng)濟(jì)農(nóng)村和城市發(fā)展的靈藥越來越受到人們的歡迎。 旅游業(yè)的研究， 正如經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的文 獻(xiàn)研究， 借鑒了一 定 范圍廣泛的學(xué)科。 旅游的好處 ： 也許是旅游的優(yōu)勢(shì)是它被視為即使是最小的社區(qū)公共資源。 Mieczkowske 引用了阿爾卑斯山， “ 死亡 ” 釣魚或英國 城鎮(zhèn)新工廠 和加拿大的沿海省份 及 加勒比群島 等具有 地方旅游經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值的自然景觀。 第五，旅游業(yè)是勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)，創(chuàng)造 了 大量 就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì) ，雇傭 那些可能仍面臨著失業(yè)的 低技能工人 和青年。相比之下，其他來源的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)，特別是邊遠(yuǎn)縣，創(chuàng)造 了 相對(duì)較 少的直接和間接的好處 。 事實(shí) 上 ，并非所有的社區(qū) 都可以成為 旅游區(qū)，旅游開發(fā) 需要一定的 成本。 這些工作 的增加 幫助削減 了 福利 并且 提供一個(gè)收入來源。 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)是激烈的，只要 制造產(chǎn) 生產(chǎn)就業(yè)繼續(xù)呈下降趨勢(shì)，其余 生產(chǎn) 競(jìng)爭(zhēng) 就 會(huì)增加。人們期望 私營部門 能 提供酒店，汽車旅館，餐飲，娛樂，和其他旅游住宿。 人類學(xué)家 的 最 大貢獻(xiàn) 是 確定和研究旅游 發(fā)展開發(fā) 對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)匚幕?造成 的影響。 旅游 相關(guān) 工作大多是低技能的工作，這是一個(gè)適合許多農(nóng)村居民的 較好的 工作。 however, economists fail to describe who tourists are or why they travel. Anthropologists’ major contribution to defining and studying tourism is in examining the impacts of tourism on local culture. Psychologists are more likely to dwell on the motives for tourism, but they ignore the impacts. Clearly, the plete definition of tourism includes the economic, social, anthropological, and psychological viewpoints. One strength of Recreational Tourism: A social Science Perspective by Chris Ryan is its multidisciplinary approach to the study of tourism. In contrast, the case studies from around the world found in Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism, edited by Valene Smith, dwell on tourism from the perspectives of history and anthropology, with its focus on the culture affects of tourism and tourism’ s role in the acculturation process. Behind the Glitter: The Impact of Tourism on Rural Women in the Southeast, by Michal Smith, focuses on the economic and cultural effects of tourism in the rural Southeast. Benefits of tourism Perhaps chief among the advantages of tourism is that it is seen as obtainable, even for munities with minimal public resources. Most １１ munities envision negligible public investments such as new roads, history markers, town cleanup, storefront rehabilitation, and marketing. The private sector is expected to provide hotels, motels, restaurants, entertainment, and other tourist acmodations. Second, tourism is a relatively easytounderstand concept for the lay public and can, therefore, generate local support. Community pride leads residents to conclude that their home town has something to offer tourists. Tourism builds on perceived and existing local advantages or amenities, such as sites of historical interest, mountains and other places of natural beauty, pleasant climates, or clean air. Tourism development uses these resources, which are “ free” in the sense that the tourism industry has not paid for them. In some cases, these natural resources would have small economic value without tourism development. Mieczkowske cites the Alps, “ dying” fishing or mill towns of New England and the Canadian Maritime provinces, and Caribbean islands as places where tourism has given economic value to natural amenities. Thus tourism can have a positive economic effect in such areas of otherwise low economic productiv