【正文】
avens tend to be growth. This decade became known as the population turnaround as it was the first time in the history of the United States the population of rural areas grew at faster rates than urban areas. In Behind the Glitter, Smith found that 65 of the 84 rural tourism counties in her study of the Southeast had population 12 growth equal to or exceeding the national rate of growth in the 1970s.,these nonmetropolitan counties grew % and in the 1980s, they grew at a still impressive rate of %. Fifth, tourism is a laborintensive industry, creating large numbers of jobs that employ lowskill workers and youths, who may otherwise remain unemployed. The lowskilled nature of tourism jobs is ideal for economies with poorly educated or trained labor forces. These added jobs help cut welfare rolls and provide a source of tax revenue. Finally, tourism development means more ine and profits for touristrelated businesses. Local ine from tourist expenditures is mostly spent again in the local area, which leads to more local ine, and perhaps, to more local jobs. Such indirect benefits of tourism are measured via regional economic impacts of tourism. Ryan’ s book has a section that introduces techniques used to measure the economic impacts of tourism. Many other studies also focus on measuring economic effects of tourism. In contrast, other sources of economic activity, particularly for remote counties, create relatively few direct and indirect benefits. For example, nuclear power plants, waste disposal sites, and many manufacturing plants create relatively few jobs and generate small amounts of local purchases. Aside from the fact that not all munities can be tourist havens, tourism development has its costs. It seems that every benefit of tourism development has a corresponding cost. 13 鄉(xiāng)村旅游和經(jīng)濟發(fā)展 作者: 弗雷德里克 國籍: 美國 出處: SAGE 出版社 中文譯文: 旅游業(yè)是一 種十分 受歡迎的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。 tourist experience。 本研究額外 進行了 對 在鄉(xiāng)村旅游 發(fā)展中的 鄉(xiāng)村旅游企業(yè)家 , 一個被忽視的群體 的 研究(斯托科夫斯基 1990)。 了解 這些問題, 合作研究 這些因素, 對于 社區(qū)旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展是必要的。企業(yè)資源共享的同時 ,也有競爭的要求 。顧名思義,該方法認為,旅游是一個社區(qū)和產(chǎn)品,隨著旅游企業(yè) 創(chuàng)業(yè)技能的發(fā)展 , 以及當?shù)厣鐓^(qū) (例如,當?shù)氐念I(lǐng)導(dǎo)和正式 或 非正式網(wǎng)絡(luò))直接參與旅游的開發(fā)和促銷的努力(莫非 1985)。1985 ;帕和 bejou1995)。研究文學(xué)出現(xiàn)了關(guān)于如何最好地促進旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展 的研究 。 除上 述列表外,還有旅游企業(yè)家促進了旅游的開發(fā)。像其他的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略 一樣 ,鄉(xiāng)村旅游 的成功 需要若干部分 的 組成。旅游 及和 它相關(guān)的 工作 的生產(chǎn)利潤 往往是季節(jié)性的,一年中只有部分。如農(nóng)村制造,它可以 使得 農(nóng)村社區(qū) 之間 互相競爭。 1994 此外,鄉(xiāng)村旅游與現(xiàn)有的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)如農(nóng)場(例如,采場)發(fā)展較好并且可以為家庭農(nóng)場產(chǎn)生第二收入( 奧普曼 1996)。鄉(xiāng)村旅游為一些因人口少而可能無法留在 農(nóng)村社區(qū)的小公司提供了保障。因此,鄉(xiāng)村旅游相比較其他的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展策略可以在較少投入花費情況下得以發(fā)展。 鄉(xiāng)村旅游可以 與其所在地的 地方政府和小型企業(yè) 共同發(fā)展 , 但它的發(fā)展并不一定依賴于外部企業(yè)或公司。鄉(xiāng)村旅游 比 起其他的農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略例如制造業(yè)相對來說開發(fā)成本較低且建立較容易。 1994)。 這些變化 限制了 農(nóng)村社區(qū)的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展方案,使 舊式 的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略 例如制造業(yè)的可行性降低 ,并迫使許多 人 尋找非傳統(tǒng)的方式來維持 生活 。隨著農(nóng)村失業(yè)率高于城市水平,實際 的 收入增長停滯在 農(nóng)村地區(qū)(希爾和瑞德 1992)。 20 世紀 80 年代在中西部 發(fā)生的農(nóng)業(yè)危機 也導(dǎo)致 了農(nóng)民和重組制農(nóng)場的減少 ,迫使一些農(nóng)戶 為 增加收入 而參與 非農(nóng)工作, 或 離開農(nóng)場,或宣布破產(chǎn)。結(jié)果清楚地表明重要的社區(qū) 不是直接就是間接地參與到了鄉(xiāng)村 旅游 的 開發(fā) 中。本研究的目的是確定和審查這些因素,幫助農(nóng)村社區(qū)成功 走上 發(fā)展旅游業(yè)的創(chuàng)業(yè)道 路 。朱莉和 約翰 國籍: 美國 出處: SAGE 出版社 中文譯文: 20 世紀 70 年代以來,經(jīng)濟體制的改革和農(nóng)業(yè)危機使得農(nóng)村社區(qū)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的選擇減少,同時促使 老年人發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略可行 性降低 ,迫使 人們?nèi)?尋找非傳統(tǒng)的方式來維持 生計 。 Palmer and Bejou 1995).Opposing this view is the munity approach to tourism development and entrepreneurship (Murphy 1985). As its name implies, the approach argues that tourism is a munity product and that, along with entrepreneurial skills and the presence of tourist businesses, it is also necessary to have the munity and local capabilities (., local leadership and formal and informal works) directly involved in tourism development and promotion effort (Murphy 1985). While the munity approach may be an effective way to develop and promote tourism, creating the necessary intermunity cooperation and collaboration is a plex and difficult process. Businesses are asked to share resources while simultaneously peting. Local governments may see collaborating to develop tourism as risky, or they may be worried about losing control over local decision making (Huang and Stewart 1996。 and (