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土木工程專業(yè)---外文文獻翻譯-建筑結構(完整版)

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【正文】 eniently be used for carrying concrete or other building materials. Dumpers have the earth container over the front axle on large rubbertyred wheels, and the container tips forwards on most types, though in articulated dumpers the direction of tip can be widely varied. The smallest dumpers have a capacity of about m 179。此外,由于強度的分布規(guī)律和應力的分布規(guī)律之間的相互關系是困難的。 概率方法,這種方法采用極限狀態(tài)。 ( 2) 概率方法,在這種方法中,主要參 數(shù)被認為是隨機參數(shù)。就目前的趨勢而言,安全系數(shù)與所使用的材料性質及其組織情況無關,通常把它定義為發(fā)生破壞的條件與結構可預料的最不利的工作條件之比值。翻斗車的車斗位于大橡膠輪胎車輪前軸的上方,盡管鉸接式翻斗車的卸料方向有很多種,但大多數(shù)車斗是向前翻轉的。它能在比較平的地面上挖較深的土(但只能挖機械本身下面的土),需要時可以將土運至幾百米遠,然后卸土并在卸土的過程中把土大致鏟平。推土機 所推運的圖的數(shù)量最多,只是運輸距離很短。土方設計這項工作落到了從事道路設計的工程師的身上,因為土方工程的設計比其他任何工作更能決定工程造價是否低廉。 由于和土木工程中任何其他工種的施工方法與費用相比較,土方挖運的施工方法與費用的變化都要快得多,因此對于有事業(yè)心的人來說,土方工程是一個可以大有作為的領域。 設計鋼筋混凝土構件時顯然需要處理大量的參數(shù),諸如寬度、高度等幾何尺寸,配筋的面積,鋼筋的應變和混凝土的應 變,鋼筋的應力等等。對于梁、柱、墻等構件,當模板清理干凈后應該在其上涂油,鋼筋表面的銹及其他有害物質也應該被清除干凈。其抗拉強度約為抗壓強度的十分之一。因此,截面的受拉區(qū)必須配置抗拉鋼筋和抗剪鋼筋以增加鋼筋混凝土構件中較弱的受拉區(qū)的強度。澆筑基礎前,應將坑底土夯實并用水浸濕 6 英寸,以免土壤 從新澆的混凝土中吸收水分。因此,在選擇混凝土截面時需要進行試算并作調整,根據施工現(xiàn)場條件、混凝土原材料的供應情況、業(yè)主提出的特殊要求、對建筑和凈空高度的要求、所用的設計規(guī)范以及建筑物周圍環(huán)境條件等最后確定截面。在 1935 年,目前采用的利用輪胎式機械設備進行土方挖運的方法大多數(shù)還沒有 出現(xiàn)。根據現(xiàn)有的地圖和標高,道路工程師應在設計繪圖室中的工作也并不是徒勞的。拉鏟挖土機的缺點是只能挖比它本身低的土,不能施加壓力挖入壓實的土壤內,不能在陡坡上挖土,而且挖。在挖掘硬土時,人們發(fā)現(xiàn)在開挖場地經常用一輛助推拖拉機(輪式或履帶式),對返回挖土的鏟運機進行助推這種施工方法是經濟的。最小的翻斗車的容量大約為 立方米,而最大的標準型翻斗車的容量大約為 179。這個比值還與結構的破壞概率(危險率)成反比。 5 此外,根據安全系數(shù)的不同用途,可以把結構的計算方法分為: ( 1) 容許應力法,在這種方法中,把結構承受最大荷載時計算得到的應力與經過按規(guī)定的安全系數(shù)進行折減后的材料強度作比較。 至少在理論上,概率法的主要優(yōu)點是可以科學的考慮所有隨機安全系數(shù),然后將這些隨機安全系數(shù)組合成確定的安全系數(shù)。 6 這些實際困難可以采用兩種方法來克服。, and the largest standard types are of about m 179。 early or excessive cracks。 (4) Predicted life of the structure. All these factors are related to economic and social considerations such as: (1) Initial cost of the construction。 (3) Cost of physical and material damage due to the failure of the construction。 and corrosion. Computational methods used to verify structures with respect to the different safety 11 conditions can be separated into: (1)Deterministic methods, in which the main parameters are considered as nonrandom parameters. (2)Probabilistic methods, in which the main parameters are considered as random parameters. Alternatively, with respect to the different use of factors of safety, putational methods can be separated into: (1)Allowable stress method, in which the stresses puted under maximum loads are pared with the strength of the material reduced by given safety factors. (2)Limit states method, in which the structure may be proportioned on the basis of its maximum strength. This strength, as determined by rational analysis, shall not be less than that required to support a factored load equal to the sum of the factored live load and dead load ( ultimate state ). The stresses corresponding to working ( service ) conditions with unfactored live and dead loads are pared with prescribed values ( service limit state ) . From the four possible binations of the first two and second two methods, we can obtain some useful putational methods. Generally, two binations prevail: (1)deterministic methods, which make use of allowable stresses. (2)Probabilistic methods, which make use of limit states. The main advantage of probabilistic approaches is that, at least in theory, it is possible to scientifically take into account all random factors of safety, which are then bined to define the safety factor. probabilistic approaches depend upon : (1) Random distribution of strength of materials with respect to the conditions of fabrication and erection ( scatter of the values of mechanical properties through out the structure )。 and the articulated type of about m 179。 7 2 外文翻譯 Reinforced Concrete Plain concrete is formed from a hardened mixture of cement ,wate
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