【正文】 tate law is not the ,After her parents divorced custody exercise there are mainly four ways:1).Individual monitoring,The father or mother in which one party to exercise ).Distribution monitoring,Both parents have custody of the children, but at the time of be ).Joint custody,Both parents have custody of the children, but in the legal and physical custody to be ).Isolation ward,Both parents are on different children acquire the sole present about the care the most mon situation is the mother to enjoy the physical custody rights and father39。 第三 ,在有關(guān)的法律中確立兒童權(quán)利優(yōu)先原則。正緣于此 ,父母監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)專屬于未成年人的父母 ,并應(yīng)依法行使監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán) ,不得濫用 ,也不得拋棄。依阿華州高級(jí)法院指出家庭法庭可以考慮父母的宗教信仰 ,以保護(hù)子女的最佳利益 ,然而聯(lián)邦憲法禁止法院從宗教方面考慮不同宗教的優(yōu)劣或表現(xiàn)出某種傾向性。 (三 )種族 通常 ,法院在作出監(jiān)護(hù)判決前必須全面考慮所有與子女利益有關(guān)的因素 ,雖然種族不能作為單獨(dú)的決定性因素 ,但在父母屬于不同種族的監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)案件中 ,種族確實(shí)與確定子女監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)的歸屬有關(guān)。為此《統(tǒng)一結(jié) ,婚離婚法》明確規(guī)定了法庭聽詢制度 ,①法官可以在法庭議事室會(huì)見子女 ,以聽詢子女在監(jiān)護(hù)和探視方面的愿望。有學(xué)者還進(jìn)一步指出 ,假設(shè)的共同監(jiān)護(hù)是有害的 ,有相當(dāng)數(shù)量共同的身體上監(jiān)護(hù)的案件實(shí)質(zhì)上最終的結(jié)果是父母間的沖突 ,共同監(jiān)護(hù)只有當(dāng)父母雙方均能夠相互協(xié)作時(shí)才能較佳地運(yùn)作 。子女已達(dá)能夠獨(dú)立進(jìn)行意思表示的年齡 ,自愿與非主要照管人一起生活的 。(8)教育孩子基本的行為規(guī)則 ,如日常行為、上洗手間的訓(xùn)練 。 5 (三 )主要照顧者享有監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán) 法院在確定子女監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)時(shí) ,通常確定在日常生活中對(duì)子女承擔(dān)主要照顧責(zé)任的父母一方行使監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)符合子女最佳利益 ,因而將監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)賦予承擔(dān)主要照顧責(zé)任的父母一方。直到 1970 年 ,加利福尼亞州法律還規(guī)定 ,在其他條件相當(dāng)?shù)那闆r下 ,幼年子女由母親行使監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán) ,當(dāng)子女需要上學(xué)接受教育或準(zhǔn)備外出工作、經(jīng)商時(shí) ,則應(yīng)當(dāng)由父親行使監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)。(5)前述有關(guān)人員的心理與身體健康等。后來(lái)隨著憲法平等保護(hù)條款、婦女運(yùn)動(dòng)的挑戰(zhàn)及心理學(xué)家強(qiáng)調(diào)父親對(duì)于年幼子女的重要性“幼年原則” ,最終被“子女最佳利益”原則所取代。這些統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字表明 ,共同監(jiān)護(hù)雖然為法律所倡導(dǎo) ,但在實(shí)踐中并不具有普遍性。因此 ,美國(guó)有學(xué)者特別指出 ,共同監(jiān)護(hù)必須由父母雙方自己決定并自愿達(dá)成協(xié)議 ,法庭不得作出共同監(jiān)護(hù)的裁判。這里的身體上的監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán) ,是指對(duì)于兒童的事實(shí)上擁有和控制 。但是 ,如何判斷在何種情況下才符合“子女最佳利益”頗為復(fù)雜。本文通過對(duì)美國(guó)有關(guān)離婚后子女監(jiān)護(hù)制度立法及判例的研究分析 ,探討其可資借鑒之處。法律上的監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán) ,是指對(duì)于與子女長(zhǎng)期教育、醫(yī)療、教育或其他對(duì)子女生活有重大影響的事務(wù)的決定權(quán)。 3 分離監(jiān)護(hù) ,是指多個(gè)子女分別由父親或母親一方監(jiān)護(hù) ,即離婚時(shí)子女不止一個(gè) ,在數(shù)個(gè)子女的情況下 ,分別將子女的監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)交由父親或母親行使 ,由父母分別行使對(duì)于不同子女的身體上和法律上的監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)。 二 離婚后未成年人監(jiān)護(hù)的基本原則 ——— 子女最佳利益 1871 年之前 ,法院在英國(guó)普通法的“父權(quán)優(yōu)先”的原則之下 ,自動(dòng)地將監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)給予父親 ,父親有權(quán)向子女的母親或者其他人要求交還子女 ,如果子女的母親或其他人拒絕交還的 ,該父親有權(quán)根據(jù)人身保護(hù)令強(qiáng)制其交還。 1969 年的《家庭法案》中規(guī)定了確定父母監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)要按照是否有利于子女的最佳利益的原則?！都永Ｄ醽喢穹ǖ洹返?4600 條規(guī)定 ,法庭在決定子女監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)時(shí) ,要從兒童健康、安全幸福、父母有無(wú)虐待兒童的歷史、父母子女的關(guān)系幾個(gè)方面綜合判斷“兒童的最佳利益”。 1973 年 ,賓夕法尼亞州高級(jí)法院仍然認(rèn)為幼年子女的最大利益就是由母親給予照顧看管。明尼蘇達(dá)州最高法院在 一案中 ,確定了主要照顧者的認(rèn)定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ,即考慮父母一方誰(shuí)主要承擔(dān)了以下責(zé)任 :(1)做飯 。(9)教育 (宗教、文化等 )。主要照管人不愿意與他方合作共同撫養(yǎng)子女的。當(dāng)然 ,如果父母雙方愿意嘗試 ,也可以不否認(rèn)共同監(jiān)護(hù)。法官可以允許律師在聽詢時(shí)在場(chǎng) ,并應(yīng)作法 庭記錄。美國(guó)最高法院在 一案中指出 ,種族不能作為子女監(jiān)護(hù)判決的決定性因素?？傮w而言 ,美國(guó)法院在涉及與宗教有關(guān)的子女監(jiān)護(hù)問題時(shí)主要堅(jiān)持這樣的原則 :在婚姻關(guān)系存續(xù)期間父母雙方協(xié)商決定子女的宗教信仰 ,離婚后 ,雙方對(duì)于子女宗教信仰有協(xié)議的 ,從協(xié)議 ,沒有協(xié)議或協(xié)議不一致的 ,由有監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)的父母一方?jīng)Q定。從“子女本位”的角度 ,在確定離婚后未成年人監(jiān)護(hù)人時(shí) ,應(yīng)充分考慮父母哪一方能夠更好地履行撫養(yǎng)、教育、照顧、保護(hù)的義務(wù)與責(zé)任 ,從而保障未成年子女的健康成長(zhǎng)。在子女利益與父母利益之 間 ,兒童的福祉是第一位的 ,父母的權(quán)利、望、求是第二位愿要的。s joint legal custody. Individual monitoring,Refers to one parent and child physical custody and legal custody, the other side is with children associating visitation the physical custody, refers to the child in fact owned and controlled。Joint legal custody refers to both parents are entitled to decide children39。 (4) child in family, school and social adaptability。 (4) medical care, including care and go to the hospital to see a doctor after school。 (3) both parents work full time for children, is responsible for the arrangement of daily life doctor, school, and other things for their children, and to provide advice and emotional support for the , in the following cases, the court may sentence by a primary care who exercised custody: (1) primary care are not suitable for or to take care of children。s decisive factor, because this risk does not exist, so the decision unconstitutional on equal protection provisions, the Florida court only according to ethnic factors judgment is not allowed. 4. Religion And the effect of race on the custody case similarity, the religious beliefs as a child custody ruling basis is in violation of the Supreme Court noted family courts can consider parental religious beliefs, in order to protect the best interests of their children, but the Federal Constitution prohibits the court from religion to consider different religious superiority or show some , the United States Court in relation with religion child custody problems mainly adhere to this principle: the marital relationship continues to exist during both parents agreed to their religious beliefs, after divorce, both for the children of religious beliefs have agreement, from protocol, there is no agreement or protocol is not consistent, the guardianship parents a decision. PART 4 Inspiration From the United States after the divorce custody system The author thinks, the United States of America39。s way of life and idea of children in the family of independent personality, independent status, emphasizing the parents for the child39。Children already amounted to proceed independently of mean age, voluntary and non primary care people living together。 (6) arranged to alternative care, such as go to kindergarten, employment insurance Tom。Once the initial feelings of isolation and its object, may have a mood disorder, and loss and personality order to meet the child39。 in California only 10% minor and both parents are living。s life have a significant impact on business the usual case, if both parents can consult divorce handle child interests, is a parent to obtain custody, the other party has continued to keep in touch with the children of the visitation right. Distribution monitoring, refers to both parents get their children the legal and physical custody, but the children in a certain months of a year or a week days respectively and father or mother living. Joint custody,Refers to confer both parents for child care to protect and take turns to acpany, exchanges legal obligations, including parents joint physical custody and legal the name is both parents share custody of their children, but at the same time can only with one parent living,So most of the court are endowed with the parent to child physical custody, but not with the father or the mother to enjoy legal custody and visitation rights of American States have joint custody is presumed to be a better monitoring system, . if there