【正文】 s parents divorced after the minor guardianship system has many lessons: First of all, after the divorce of their parents in the treatment of minor custody issues, should adhere to the children history, the relationship between parents and children in the process of legal development from familyoriented parents to the standard to children standard evolution trend.Family standard has been cast aside parents standard, is too much emphasis on both parents for children rights, neglect their children independent status.Children standard concerned parents to raise their children, education, care, protection obligation and responsibility, although still under custody of, but parental rights has bee the name to rights obligations, in nature is obligation right.This right is not a selfish, but a take care of others for the characteristics of the right, is a kind of legal form, in order to children interests and rights, is in fact a ki nd of is due, 15 parental rights belong exclusively to the parents of a minor shall be exercised in accordance with the law, and shall not abuse, custody, nor child centered angle, in the setting of divorce after the guardians of minors, full consideration should be given to parents which side to better perform the upbringing, education, care, protection obligation and responsibility, thus ensuring the underage children healthy growth. Secondly, should clearly stipulate the principle of best interests of the last century, countries all over the world, in the field of marriage family legislation has undergone tremendous is no a legal field as family law, so strongly reflected in the past century people39。 (2) there is sufficient evidence to prove the main charge people more suited to take care of people, such as children and not the main charge people more closely, feeling better。 (5) arranged for their social activities。 (5) the relevant personnel of psychological and physical health.The California civil code 4600th regulations,The court in deciding when to child custody, child health, safety and happiness, from parents with and without a history of child abuse, parental relationships with several aspects of prehensive judgment in the best interests of the child.In order to enhance the principle of best interests of children are operable, theory also exists for juvenile offspring from mothers care, natural parents have custody as well as primary caregivers have custody of different. 1. Juvenile offspring from mothers care In psychoanalysis expert experience, generally speaking, children recognize the particular person (mother) and the establishment of relations between the period, from 5 months to 6 months,In the 8 months to afraid of strangers, here the child will choose 1 or 2 people (mostly mothers) for emotional object。s health, education and welfare rights and obligations, joint legal custody and joint physical custody accounts for the relatively small proportion,Even in joint custody motion at the leading edge of Washington, Colorado and California,There are only 15% 17% of the children in the dual residence life。Legal custody, refers to the children with longterm education, medical, educational or other on children39。聯(lián)合國《兒童權(quán)利公約》明確了一切行為必須以兒童最佳利益為原則 ,兒童在家庭、社會中享有廣泛的權(quán)利并應(yīng)受到優(yōu)先的保護(hù) ,兒童不再作為單純的服務(wù)和施舍對象 ,或保護(hù)措施的被動受益者來對待 ,而是作為權(quán)利的主體被承認(rèn) ,并被優(yōu)先保護(hù)著。 第二 ,應(yīng)當(dāng)明確規(guī)定子女最佳利益原則。 四、美國離婚后未成年人監(jiān)護(hù)制度的啟示 筆者認(rèn)為 ,美國的父母離婚后的未成年人監(jiān)護(hù)制度有諸多可資借鑒之處 : 第一 ,在處理父母離婚后未成年 人監(jiān)護(hù)問題時 ,應(yīng)堅持子女本位。該案中當(dāng)事人雙方離婚時其 3 歲的女兒由母親監(jiān)護(hù)。此外 ,一些州的法律中明確規(guī)定了子女意愿在監(jiān)護(hù)判決中所起的作用。對于共同監(jiān)護(hù)雖然有分歧 ,但從總體而言 ,美國法院在司法裁判中通常會認(rèn)定如果共同監(jiān)護(hù)不害及子女的最佳利益 ,則可以適用共同監(jiān)護(hù)。與子女最佳利益原則密切相關(guān)的另一個話題是 ,共同監(jiān)護(hù)是否真的符合子女最佳利益 ?對此尚有爭議。 1992 年 ,美國法律協(xié)會在“離婚法原則”中確立了有關(guān)處理此類問題的原則 :父母不能達(dá)成子女監(jiān)護(hù)協(xié)議的 ,法院應(yīng)當(dāng)確定由在家庭中承擔(dān)主要照顧和管教子女責(zé)任的一方行使監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán) ,除非他方更適合作為照管人。(2)洗澡、整潔穿衣 。現(xiàn)在法院多認(rèn)為 ,幼年子女由母親監(jiān)護(hù)為性別歧視 ,是違憲的 ,因為在子女監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)的訴訟中 ,僅以性別為劃分標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ,而不是考慮子女的最佳利益 ,沒有任何一方基于性別的不同應(yīng)當(dāng)被推定較之對方更符合子女的最佳利益。為增強(qiáng)子女最佳利益原則的可操作性 ,理論上又存在著對于幼年子女由母親監(jiān)護(hù)、自然父母享有監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)以及主要照顧 者享有監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)的不同。現(xiàn)在美國聯(lián)邦法及各州法律中均規(guī)定“子女最佳利益”是確定離婚后監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)歸屬、處理離婚后父母子女關(guān)系的最重要的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。直到 1929 年 ,馬里蘭州上訴法院仍然認(rèn)為 ,父親與母親相比對子女有優(yōu)先監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)。 此外 ,監(jiān)護(hù)還可以細(xì)分為單獨身體上的監(jiān)護(hù)、共同身體上 的監(jiān)護(hù)、單獨法律上的監(jiān)護(hù)和共同法律上的監(jiān)護(hù)。在通常情況下 ,如果離婚時父母雙方不能共同協(xié)商處理好子女利益 ,則父母一方獲得監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán) ,另一方享有繼續(xù)與子女保持聯(lián)系的探視權(quán)。 一、父母離婚后未成年子女監(jiān)護(hù)的種類 關(guān)于父母離婚后監(jiān)護(hù)的種類 ,美國各州法律規(guī)定不一 ,總體而言 ,父母離婚后的監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)的行使方式主要有四種 :(1)由父或母其中的一方單獨行使的“單獨監(jiān)護(hù)” 。總的來講 ,美國法院決定離婚后子女監(jiān)護(hù)人 時 ,以“子女最佳利益”為根本原則。 單獨監(jiān)護(hù) ,是指父母一方同時獲得子女身體上的監(jiān)護(hù)與法律上的監(jiān)護(hù) ,另一方則有與子女交往的探視權(quán)。但是 ,共同監(jiān)護(hù)需要父母雙方為了子女的利益相互合作 ,如果父母之間仍然懷有敵意 ,在有關(guān)子女的無論大小事宜上持續(xù)沖突 ,則不適合共同監(jiān)護(hù) ,否則會給子女身心發(fā)展造成不良的影響。在加利福尼亞州只有 10%的未成年人與父母雙方生活 。比如在 Funkhouse 一案中 ,面對曾經(jīng)因車禍陷入昏迷達(dá) 6個月的母親 ,法院仍認(rèn)為應(yīng)適用“當(dāng)父母雙方將平等照顧子女時 ,母親仍較 父親適合監(jiān)護(hù)子女 ,尤其當(dāng)子女在年幼時”。(4)子女對于家庭、學(xué)校及社會的適應(yīng)性 。 這一原則被法庭長期應(yīng)用于裁判中。當(dāng)子女與其心理父母已經(jīng)形成事實上的父母子女關(guān)系 ,如果解除這一關(guān)系可能不利 于子女的最佳利益時 ,法院會作出有利于子女最佳利益的判決。(7)晚上哄孩子睡覺 ,早上叫醒孩子 。(2)有充分的證據(jù)證明非主要照管人更適合擔(dān)任照管人 ,如子女與非主要照管人關(guān)系更為密切 ,感情更好的 。 矛盾、糾紛戰(zhàn)爭的生活環(huán)境 ,當(dāng)然不利于子女的健康成長。 (二 )子女的意愿 為了更好地符合子女的最佳利益 ,子女的意愿是確定子女監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)的重要因素。而羅得島則規(guī)定 ,14 歲作為子女選擇監(jiān)護(hù)人的最低年齡 ,子女的選擇只能作為法院判決的參考因素之一。 (四 )宗教 與上述有關(guān)種族對監(jiān)護(hù)影響的判例相似 ,將宗教信仰作為子女監(jiān)護(hù)判決的 依據(jù)也是違反憲法的。由于子女具有民 事權(quán)利能力 ,是獨立的民事主體 ,不隸屬于任何人 ,因此針對父母監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)行使 ,子女有權(quán)要求父母對他們予以尊重并全面考慮子女的生理、心理及人格的需要。而子女最佳利益原則不僅應(yīng)當(dāng)適用于法院處理離婚案件 ,也應(yīng)當(dāng)適用于夫妻雙方協(xié)議離婚的情形 ,并且作為一項基本原則 ,更應(yīng)是處理父母子女關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)。 9 Preface The divorce rate of USA is higher than other countries ， Onethird of people who have been divorced， Each year more than one million children ‘s parents39。Sole legal custody refers to one parent has decided to children39。 (3) children with one or both parents, siblings, and other important implications for the best interests of the child39。 (2), take a shower, clean clothes。t reach the child custody agreement, court shall determine by in the family assume primary care and parenting responsibility for the party to exercise guardianship, unless he is more suitable for the care of 2, the socalled family life take the primary care and parenting responsibilities of a parent refers to: (1) stay at home fulltime c