【正文】 hild care party。s age, maturity and children on the grounds of the Ayushu and West Virginia law, as long as parents for the guardian, minors over the age of 14 have the option of parents where the guardian absolute rights, unless the child is chosen by the parents for custody of the children, or they will play a decisive role in the choice Rhode Island is provided, at the age of 14 as the minimum age for children to choose the guardian, children choice as the court decision reference factor. 3. Race Usually, the court before the judgment in making care must take into full consideration the interests of all children and related factors, although not as a separate race the decisive factors in parents of different races, but the custody case, race and 14 indeed identify children guardianship United States Supreme Court in the case of points out, as a child custody decisions races can39。 interests, the wellbeing of children is the first, the rights of parents, ho。s best interests standard is usually made by judges to make subjective judgments, which parents can take better care of protecting children also by the fact, there are quite a number of parents in the divorce can better cooperation, the result makes children in between parents, parents weapons of war or punching , disputes the war environment, of course, is not conducive to the healthy growth of scholars also points out further, suppose the mon care is harmful, a considerable number of joint physical custody cases is essentially the final result is the conflict between the parents, joint custody only when both parents were able to cooperate with each other in order to better operation。 (8) child education basic rules of behaviour, such as daily behavior, restroom training。s love in their childhood is irreplaceable,The child for maternal love requires more than , if cannot prove that mother is harmful to children wellbeing, should by the mother principle was long used in the 1970, the laws of the state of California is also provided, in other condition of considerable circumstances, by the mother custody of young children to exercise, when children need to attend school or prepare to go out to work, business, it should be exercised by father 1973, the Pennsylvania high court still think young children best interests is given by mothers to take care the court is that young children, by the mother care for gender discrimination, was unconstitutional, because in a child custody proceedings, only with sex as the division standard, but not to consider the best interests of their children, without any side based on gender difference should be presumed to side more than the best interest of the , most of the court rejected the use of this theory, on the contrary, considered in deciding where children with life, according to the theory of equality of men and women, regardless of their age, the father and mother in custody issues are no sex predominance. 2. Parents have custody Custody disputes sometimes occurred in the child39。s family in the provisions of the act to determine parental custody according to whether be helpful for children best interests the United States federal law and state law in the provisions of the best interests of the child is determined after the divorce, custody, processing after the divorce between parents and children is the most important determining what is the best interests of the child, some states require consideration by the judge free, some states explicitly stipulated judges should consider the various to the United States of America 11 uniform marriage and divorce law provisions, the best interests of their children include the following:(1) one or both parents to child custody will。s physical and mental development of adverse , the United States of America some scholars have pointed out, joint custody must by both parents decide and voluntary agreement, the court shall make a joint custody of the referee. 10 Isolation ward,Refers to multiple children respectively by the father or the mother party care, that is when the children more than a divorce,In a few cases of children, the custody of children by the father or mother of exercise, exercise respectively by parents for children with physical and legal custody. In addition, care may be further subdivided into:Sole physical custody,Joint physical custody,Sole legal custody and joint legal to the California civil code in the interpretation of,Sole physical custody refers to children with one parent living in one of the parents of the management。我認為 ,應改變有關離婚后未成年子女的監(jiān)護問題單采雙方共同監(jiān)護的原則 ,代之以單方監(jiān)護與共同監(jiān)護并存的原則 。承認子女在家庭中的獨立的人格、獨立的主體地位 ,強調父母對于子女的照顧、保護、監(jiān)護的義務與 8 責任 ,強調子女的最佳利益 ,已成為世界各國立法中的共識。而“子女本位”則關注父母對于子女的撫養(yǎng)、教育、照顧、保護的義務與責任 ,雖然仍然冠以監(jiān)護權①名稱 ,但父母的權利已經(jīng)變成以權利為名的義務 ,在性質上是“義務權”。而最高法院則認 7 為 ,孩子與不同種族的繼父生活在一起確實存在因種族歧視所帶來的社會偏見與壓力的危險。對于孩子的意見 ,大多數(shù)法院認為僅僅是考慮因素之一 ,而且要考慮孩子的年齡、成熟程度及孩子所提出的理由的合理性。但是 ,年幼子女由母親監(jiān)護這一理論的影響并非完全被取消 ,而是作為多種應考慮的因素之一。反對者則認為 ,共同監(jiān)護并不意味著一定符合子女的最佳利益 ,因為有關兒童最佳利益的標準通常是由法官作出主觀判斷 ,哪位父母會更好地照顧保護子女也由法官決定。(3)父母雙方均全職工作的 ,負責為子 女安排日常生活、上學、看病等各種瑣事 ,并為子女提供咨詢和感情支持的一方。(5)放學后安排孩子的社交活動 。在佛羅里達州的一個案件中 ,父母離婚后由父親行使對于子女的監(jiān)護權 ,父親在離婚數(shù)年后死亡 ,在生母與繼母爭奪監(jiān)護權的訴訟中 ,法院就適用自然父母優(yōu)先的理論將孩子的監(jiān)護權判給了生母。為了滿足幼兒之“不斷的繼續(xù)性的需要”年幼的子女應由母親行使監(jiān)護權 ,多數(shù)法院曾認為 ,母親的愛在子女年幼時是不可替代的 ,孩子對于母愛的需要超過父親。(2)子女對于何人擔任監(jiān)護人的意 4 愿 。各州關于幼年的規(guī)定有所不同 ,紐約州規(guī)定 3 歲以下 ,路易斯安那州規(guī)定 11 歲以下 ,西弗吉尼亞州則規(guī)定 13 歲以下。單獨法律上的監(jiān)護是指父母一方享有決定兒童的健康、教育福利的權利和義務 。雖然名為父母雙方共同享有子女的監(jiān)護權 ,但實際上同時僅能與父母一方居住 ,所以多數(shù)法院均僅賦予同住的父或母對子女有身體上的監(jiān)護權 ,而不同住的父或母共同享有法律上的監(jiān)護權和自由探視權。(4)父 母雙方各自對不同的子女取得單獨監(jiān)護的“分離監(jiān)護”。 1 The Custody System Of USA TheGlobalReview,2020,23（ 116）： 131~137 美國離婚后的子女監(jiān)護制度 的介紹 湯姆?馬克 環(huán)球評論， 2020,23 卷（ 116 期）： 131~137 2 前言 美國是世界上離婚率較高的國家 ,每三個人中就有一人離婚 ,每年有超過 100 萬的 18 歲以下的兒童的父母離婚 ,在離婚案件中有一半要涉及到兒童問題。(3)父母雙方同時取得子女的