世界貿(mào)易和國(guó)際貿(mào)易外文文獻(xiàn)及中文翻譯-國(guó)際貿(mào)易(完整版)
【正文】 t policies. The laissezfaire attitudes that emerged in their stead permitted businessmen to manufacture what they pleased and to trade freely with other nations. Trade was also stimulated by the growth of banking facilities, insurance panies, and improved mercial shipping and munications. The repeal of the Corn Laws by Great Britain in 1846 ended Britain’s longstanding policy of protectionism. During the 19th century, many European nations made mercial agreements with each other easing their tariff rates. Lower tariffs and the growth of population and industry caused trade to soar in the 19th century. In the 20th century two world wars and a major depression caused severe disturbances in international trade. Nations, sensing a threat to their domestic economies, sought to protect themselves from further disturbances by erecting various barriers to trade. The situation became even worse after Great Britain abandoned the gold standard. The nations that were closely related to Britain, including most of the members of the Commonwealth of gold standard. As the means of making international payments broke down and trade restrictions increased, some countries had to resort to barter to obtain foreign goods. International trade was in such severe straits during the depression that a World Economic Conference was held in 1933. This conference, however, was unable to halt a rash of currency devaluations, tariff increases, and quota arrangements. In 1934, . Secretary of State Cordell Hull persuaded Congress to pass the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act. This law authorized the President to negotiate tariff cuts with other nations. The Reciprocal Trade Act provided for protection of . industries in the event foreign imports increased to such a degree that . businesses were injured. This protection included peril point and escape clauses under which tariff cuts could by refused of rescinded if a . industry suffered economic hardship. Despite the protectionist clauses in the act, . tariffs were substantially reduced. Shortly before the end of World War Ⅱ , members of the United Nations met at Bratton Woods, . to discuss ways of reducing the financial barriers to international trade. The International Moary Fund was established as a result of the conference. The fund was designed to encourage the growth of international trade by stabilizing currencies and their rate of foreign exchange. In the early postwar period, more than 20 nations met in Geneva, Switzerland, to negotiate tariff reductions. When any two nations reached an agreement to reduce tariffs on a product, the benefits were extended to all participating nations. This was an application of the socalled most favored nation clause. The Geneva tariff agreements were written into the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). GATT also established standards for the conduct of international trade. Fox example, the agreement prohibits nations from placing quotas of limits on imports, except under very special circumstances. After World War Ⅱ a number of free trade areas were formed to solve trade problems on a regional basis. Tariffs on goods moving with
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