世界貿(mào)易和國際貿(mào)易外文文獻及中文翻譯-國際貿(mào)易-wenkub.com
2025-01-15 00:27 本頁面
【正文】 這些貿(mào)易集團是：比荷盧經(jīng)濟聯(lián)盟，歐洲煤鋼共同體（ ECSC），歐洲經(jīng)濟共同體（歐共體或共同市場），歐洲自由貿(mào)易聯(lián)盟（ EFTA），為經(jīng)濟互 助（ COMECOM）理事會，拉丁美洲自由貿(mào)易協(xié)會（拉夫塔），中美洲共同市場（中美洲共同），加勒比自由貿(mào)易區(qū)（ CARIFTA），加勒比共同體和共同市場（加共體）。有些團體還豎立一個外人進入他們的共同關(guān)稅區(qū)的貨物單。關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定 還設(shè)立了國際貿(mào)易的行為標準。 在戰(zhàn)后初期，有超過 20個國家在日內(nèi)瓦開會，瑞士，談判降低關(guān)稅。盡管在該法的保護主義條款，美國的關(guān)稅大幅降低。 1934年，美國國務(wù)卿科德爾赫爾說服國會通過了互惠貿(mào)易協(xié)定法案。聯(lián)合國， 預(yù) 感到其國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟 受到 威脅，于是 通過建立自己的各種貿(mào)易壁壘 以 尋求進一步的保護 。 該谷物法廢除了英國的保護主義的長期政策。平房工業(yè)讓位給群眾生產(chǎn)工廠。 這 有點類似于在 16世紀和 19世紀 就 存在國際貿(mào)易歐洲之間的貿(mào)易，在較早時候進行的大部分貿(mào)易是與一國 的 殖民地。 在一些國家 內(nèi)，他們 擁有的商品或制成品出口的方式很少，但他們有一個溫和晴朗的氣候。 而在海上，貨物很容易受到許多危險。 除了有形貿(mào)易，其中涉及貨物進口和出口 的 商品 ； 也有無形貿(mào)易，其中涉及國家之間的服務(wù)交換。因此，打字員在打字上有相對比較優(yōu)勢。在生產(chǎn)一種商品，甚至國家的效率，只要有輕微的，相對的差異可以在生產(chǎn)它的比較優(yōu)勢。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，它使一個國家 的經(jīng)濟在一定意義上，專門生產(chǎn)這些商品的活動，并為其中最有優(yōu)勢，以換取其他國家的產(chǎn)品和優(yōu)勢的貨物，在不同的領(lǐng)域。例如，英國煤炭儲量很大，但是 缺乏如鎳，銅，鋁等多種礦物質(zhì)，而阿拉伯國家有豐富的石油儲量，但其他 資源幾乎沒有 。當(dāng)國家的出口多于進口， 這是一種貿(mào)易順差，當(dāng)進口多于出口，是貿(mào)易逆差。美國從日本購買 比在 國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)這些便宜 。首先，沒有一個國家的商品能滿足國家本身的所有需要，各種原料分散在世界各地，大型銅礦分布在秘魯和扎伊爾，南非生產(chǎn)鉆石，中東石油資源豐富，自己國界內(nèi)部不能生產(chǎn)的資源，必須向生產(chǎn)這些資源的國家購買。 如此的即無錢交換的商品貿(mào)易的口味而不是美國用于它的銷售支付收到錢。 例如，美國是主要使用者的咖啡，但它并沒有增加任何氣候或自己。 people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of world trade and economic activity. As a result of this trade and activity, international finance and banking have evolved. For example, the United States is a major consumer of coffee, yet it does not have the climate to grow any or its own. Consequently, the United States must import coffee from countries (such as Brazil, Colombia and Guatemala) that grow coffee efficiently. On the other hand, the United States has large industrial plants capable of producing a variety of goods, such as chemicals and airplanes, which can be sold to nations that need them. If nations traded item for item, such as one automobile for 10,000 bags of coffee, foreign trade would be extremely cumbersome and restrictive. So instead of batter, which is trade of goods without an exchange of money, the United State receives money in payment for what it sells. It pays for Brazilian coffee with dollars, which Brazil can then use to buy wool from Australia, which in turn can buy textiles Great Britain, which can then buy tobacco from the United State. Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above is that no nation has all of the modities that it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa and petroleum is recovered in the Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them. Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar. Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japan has been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United States to buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically. According to economic theory, Japan should prod
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