【正文】 ed to step aside and let the Sardinian king rule. Giuseppe Garibaldi ? Italian patriot who liberated Naples and Sicily from Austrian rule, then turned over control of Southern Italy to King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia in 1870, establishing a unified, independent Italy. ? Piedmont is a northern Italian state which, under the leadership of King Victor Emmanuel II, made an alliance with France in 1859 to revolt 。Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West and The Industrial Revolution PreAP Unit 12 Chapters 2425 Peninsulares / Creoles / Mulattos ? Peninsulares – Spanish amp。 Vienna for Austria and Budapest for Hungary. ? In 1856 the Russians suffered a humiliating defeat in the Crimean War. Even staunch conservatives realized that Russia was falling hopelessly behind the western European powers. Serfdom, the largest problem in czarist Russia, was a plicated issue that affected the economic, social, and political future of Russia. On March 3, 1861, Czar Alexander II issued an emancipation edict, freeing all serfs in Russia. Alexander II attempted other reforms as well, but he soon found that he could please no one. Reformers wanted more changes and a faster pace for change. Conservatives thought that the czar was trying to destroy the basic institutions of Russian society. ? A group of radicals assassinated Alexander II in 1881. His son, Alexander III, became the successor to the throne. Alexander III turned against reform and returned to the old methods of repression. Budapest was the capital city of Hungary。 Roman Catholic Priest who founded the Mexican Independence movement in 1810. Hidalgo organized an army of mostly poor Mexicans which succeeded in winning early victories but was defeated by a more wellarmed colonial army from Mexico City. Hidalgo was executed by firing squad in 1811. ? Jose Maria Morelos – A Catholic Priest and associate of Hidalgo, Morelos replaced Hidalgo as the leader of the revolutionary movement in Mexico. Morelos was defeated by a creole army led by Augustin Iturbide in 1815. Ironically, 6 years later Iturbide led Mexico to achieve its Independence from Spain in 1821. ? Beginning in 1810, Mexico, too, experienced a revolt. The first real hero of Mexican independence was Miguel Hidalgo. A parish priest, Hidalgo lived in a village about 100 miles from Mexico City. Hidalgo had studied the French Revolution. He aroused the local Native Americans and mestizos to free themselves from the Spanish. On September 16, 1810, Hidalgo led this illequipped army of thousands of Native Americans and mestizos in an attack against the Spaniards. He was an inexperienced military leader, however, and his forces were soon crushed. A military court sentenced Hidalgo to death. However, his memory lives on. In fact, September 16, the first day of the uprising, is Mexico’s Independence Day. Events in Mexico took an unexpected turn in 1820, when a revolution in Spain put a liberal group in power there. Mexico’s creoles feared the loss of their privileges in the Spanishcontrolled colony. So they united in support of Mexico’s independence from Spain. Closure Assignment 1 ? Answer the following questions based on what you have learned from Chapter 24, Section 1: 1. Compare and contrast the leadership of the South American revolutions to the leadership of Mexico’s revolution. 2. Would creole revolutionaries tend to be democratic or authoritarian leaders? Explain. 3. How were events in Europe related to the revolutions in Latin America? Conservative ? Political philosophy based on tradition and a belief in the value of social stability which was supported by European leaders following the defeat of Napoleon。 Conservatives favor obedience to political authority, support organized religion, and hate revolutions. ? Eventually, the great powers adopted a principle of intervention. According to this principle, the great powers had the right to send armies into countries where there were revolutions in order to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones. Refusing to accept the principle, Britain argued that the great powers should not interfere in the internal affairs of other states. The other great powers, however, used military forces to crush the revolutions in Spain and Italy, as well as to restore monarchs to their thrones. ? Between 1815 and 1830, conservative governments throughout Europe worked to maintain the old order. However, powerful forces of change – known as liberalism and nationalism – were also at work. Nationalism was an even more powerful force for change in the 19th century than was liberalism. Nationalism arose when people began to identify themselves as part of a munity defined by a distinctive language, mon institution, and customs. This munity is called a nation. In earlier centuries, people’s loyalty went to a king or to their town or region. In the 19th century, people began to feel that their chief loyalty was to the nation. ? Conservatism is based on tradition and a belief in the value of social stability. Most conservatives at that time favored obedience to political authority. They also believed that organized religion was crucial to keep order in society. Conservatives hated revolutions and were unwilling to accept demands from people who wanted either individual rights or representative governments. To maintain the new balance of power, Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria (and later France) agreed to meet at times. The purpose of these conferences was to take steps needed to maintain peace in Europe. These meetings came to be called the Concert of Europe. Liberal ? Political philosophy based on Enlightenment ideas which argues that people should be as free as possible from government. ? Liberals had a mon set of political beliefs. Chief among them was the protection of civil libert