【正文】 ically, 6 years later Iturbide led Mexico to achieve its Independence from Spain in 1821. ? Beginning in 1810, Mexico, too, experienced a revolt. The first real hero of Mexican independence was Miguel Hidalgo. A parish priest, Hidalgo lived in a village about 100 miles from Mexico City. Hidalgo had studied the French Revolution. He aroused the local Native Americans and mestizos to free themselves from the Spanish. On September 16, 1810, Hidalgo led this illequipped army of thousands of Native Americans and mestizos in an attack against the Spaniards. He was an inexperienced military leader, however, and his forces were soon crushed. A military court sentenced Hidalgo to death. However, his memory lives on. In fact, September 16, the first day of the uprising, is Mexico’s Independence Day. Events in Mexico took an unexpected turn in 1820, when a revolution in Spain put a liberal group in power there. Mexico’s creoles feared the loss of their privileges in the Spanishcontrolled colony. So they united in support of Mexico’s independence from Spain. Closure Assignment 1 ? Answer the following questions based on what you have learned from Chapter 24, Section 1: 1. Compare and contrast the leadership of the South American revolutions to the leadership of Mexico’s revolution. 2. Would creole revolutionaries tend to be democratic or authoritarian leaders? Explain. 3. How were events in Europe related to the revolutions in Latin America? Conservative ? Political philosophy based on tradition and a belief in the value of social stability which was supported by European leaders following the defeat of Napoleon。 Conservatives favor obedience to political authority, support organized religion, and hate revolutions. ? Eventually, the great powers adopted a principle of intervention. According to this principle, the great powers had the right to send armies into countries where there were revolutions in order to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones. Refusing to accept the principle, Britain argued that the great powers should not interfere in the internal affairs of other states. The other great powers, however, used military forces to crush the revolutions in Spain and Italy, as well as to restore monarchs to their thrones. ? Between 1815 and 1830, conservative governments throughout Europe worked to maintain the old order. However, powerful forces of change – known as liberalism and nationalism – were also at work. Nationalism was an even more powerful force for change in the 19th century than was liberalism. Nationalism arose when people began to identify themselves as part of a munity defined by a distinctive language, mon institution, and customs. This munity is called a nation. In earlier centuries, people’s loyalty went to a king or to their town or region. In the 19th century, people began to feel that their chief loyalty was to the nation. ? Conservatism is based on tradition and a belief in the value of social stability. Most conservatives at that time favored obedience to political authority. They also believed that organized religion was crucial to keep order in society. Conservatives hated revolutions and were unwilling to accept demands from people who wanted either individual rights or representative governments. To maintain the new balance of power, Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria (and later France) agreed to meet at times. The purpose of these conferences was to take steps needed to maintain peace in Europe. These meetings came to be called the Concert of Europe. Liberal ? Political philosophy based on Enlightenment ideas which argues that people should be as free as possible from government. ? Liberals had a mon set of political beliefs. Chief among them was the protection of civil liberties, or the basic rights of all people. These civil liberties included equality before the law and freedom of assembly, speech, and the press. Liberals believed that all these freedoms should be guaranteed by a written document such as the American Bill of Rights. Most liberals wanted religious toleration for all, as well as separation of church and state. Liberals also demanded the right of peaceful opposition to the government. They believed that a representative assembly (legislature) elected by qualified voters should make laws. ? Many liberals, then, favored government ruled by a constitution, such as in a constitutional monarchy, in which a constitution regulates a king. They believed that written constitutions would guarantee the rights they sought to preserve. Liberals did not, however, believe in a democracy in which everyone had a right to vote. They thought that the right to vote and hold office should be open only to men of property. Liberalism, then, was tied to middleclass men, especially industrial middleclass men, who wanted voting rights for themselves so they could share power with the landowning classes. The liberals feared mob rule, and had little desire to let the lower class share the power. ? The French monarchy was finally overthrown in 1848. A group of moderate and radical republicans set up a provisional, or temporary, government. The republicans were people who wished France to be a republic – a government in which leaders are elected. The provisional government called for the election of representatives to a Constituent Assembly that would draw up a new constitution. Election was to be by a universal male suffrage. Closure Question 1: Why might liberals and radicals join together in a nationalist cause? Liberalism Cartoon… Radical ? Political philosophy developed in the early 1800s which favors drastic change to extend democracy to all people. Radicals believed that governments should practice the ideals of the French Revolution – liberty, equality, and brotherhood. ? In the first hal