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manhattan總結(jié)(中文)——gmat語法-文庫吧在線文庫

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【正文】 :時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)和主被動(dòng)。一般時(shí)包括一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),一般過去時(shí),一般將來時(shí)。句子時(shí)態(tài)要保持一致,除非句子意思明確要求改變時(shí)態(tài)。過去完成時(shí)用于一個(gè)句子里有兩個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去的不同時(shí)間里。因?yàn)椴⒘袃蓚€(gè)動(dòng)作,并沒有強(qiáng)調(diào)哪一個(gè)(4)當(dāng)句子中只有一個(gè)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去時(shí),不能使用過去完成時(shí)態(tài)。1if……then的結(jié)構(gòu)幷不僅僅適用于假設(shè)虛擬語氣,也同樣適合其他的時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)。如:當(dāng)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者by 的形式在劃線部分以外的時(shí)候,可以使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。而as既可以做介詞又可以作連詞,可以接名詞又可以接從句。不要隨便省略助動(dòng)詞,除非助動(dòng)詞會(huì)使句子wordy不能因?yàn)檫x項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)很多助動(dòng)詞而隨便的排除。連詞: Runon sentence:一個(gè)正確的句子應(yīng)該有至少一個(gè)主句,當(dāng)多于兩個(gè)主句時(shí)必須注意要用并列連詞去連接兩個(gè)句子。主從連詞把一個(gè)句子變成從句來顯示主句與從句的關(guān)系,保證句子的和諧。需要注意的是,不要用逗號(hào)+and去隔開有同一個(gè)主語的兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞。如: Right: The dam has created dead zones, WHERE fish have disappeared.Wrong: The dam has created dead zones。 Tears.分號(hào)用于對(duì)前一個(gè)句子的進(jìn)一步解釋或發(fā)展。(1) the number 是單數(shù), a number 是一個(gè)復(fù)數(shù)(2) 用the numbers of 必錯(cuò)。即:要簡潔,也要弄明白句意。表示idea的詞,像:hypothesis, belief, suggest 常常用這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)。(6) 形容詞優(yōu)于有be的形容詞從句。名詞形容詞結(jié)構(gòu)(一個(gè)名詞性修飾詞放在另一個(gè)名詞前)常常很簡單,也容易出錯(cuò),一般用n of n的形式。且只有復(fù)雜動(dòng)名詞才能動(dòng)作名詞平行。所以要加上that of但是在gmat考題中,很多情況下that 又是多余的,如:The fields I most enjoy are those of math and physics. The filed I most enjoy are math and physics (3) 在一些報(bào)道性的詞語后面一定跟著that。 這些簡潔的標(biāo)志幷不代表著是完全的公理,要辯證的看待。如:Wordy:The artist was influential to the movement. Better: The artist influenced the movement(4) 形容形式優(yōu)于名詞形式Wordy:She has the ability to juggle.Better: She is able to juggle.(5) 副詞形式優(yōu)于介詞短語。當(dāng)遇到一堆名詞性修飾語時(shí),嘗試放入that從句,that從句要包含一個(gè)working verb。要注意increase和decrease與其它同義詞在一起會(huì)不簡潔。1分號(hào)和冒號(hào)的區(qū)別在于:分號(hào)用于連接兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的從句;而冒號(hào)第二部分依賴于第一部分。如:I listen to Earth, wind amp。兩個(gè)敘述必須是獨(dú)立的句子。Gmat的出題人想讓你以為environmental damage是這個(gè)句子的主語,但實(shí)際上environmental damage不能一次做兩個(gè)成分:既是賓語(concern about)又是主語(may be)。解決方法是將不完整的句子與主句合并。 In the United States, farmers can usually depend on rain or snow all year long, but in most parts of Sri Lanka the rains.比較舉例:1. Like n1…, n2 (主語) + verb….Unlike n1.., n2 (主語) + verb..2. In contract to n1…, n2 + verb..3. In parison with x, y….Compared to x, y….4. Likening ..to 的比較 ,動(dòng)詞不補(bǔ)出Most of the audience did not enjoy the concert, likening it to the grinding of metal.5. More + adj + than (1)n1 + 狀語(比較對(duì)象)+ verb + more + adj/adv + than those + 狀語The clothes hanging on the racks inside the store looked more appealing than those in the store window.(2) 比較主語的時(shí)候,謂語動(dòng)詞補(bǔ)出The blue dress looks more flattering on you than the red one does.(3) 比較狀語的時(shí)候, 謂語動(dòng)詞補(bǔ)出Three times more students attended the prom this year than did last year.(4) 前面多余2個(gè)動(dòng)詞, 比較對(duì)象的動(dòng)詞不補(bǔ)出Joe went to bed early because his will to succeed in the race the following morning was greater than his desire to play pool with his friends.(4) 有年代出現(xiàn)的時(shí)候用比較級(jí) 2000 years older than Carbon14 dating reveals that the megalithic monuments in Brittany are nearly 2,000 years older than any of their supposed Mediterranean predecessors6. As + adj + as 的整句比較(1)There be + as (adj )+ 比較對(duì)象1 as there be 比較對(duì)象2.There are about many gym members in the boxing class there are in the aerobics class.(2 ) 比較動(dòng)詞的時(shí)候一定要把主語補(bǔ)出主語+ 動(dòng)詞比較對(duì)象Julia was able to climb the tree as fast as her brothers did(3) as 后面省略了主語 Americans. 當(dāng)比較部分主語相同時(shí),這種省略是允許的。即對(duì)比的兩部分結(jié)構(gòu)上要平行。當(dāng)做到對(duì)比時(shí),首先要找到標(biāo)志短語,其次找到句子對(duì)比的兩部分,最后確保進(jìn)行比較的兩部分是平行的。形容詞性的命令詞匯既可用虛擬語氣,也可用不定式:如essential, advisable, crucial, desirable, fitting, imperative, important, mandatory, necessary, preferable, urgent, vital1避免在whether后面用命令性虛擬語氣。虛擬語氣用于兩種情況: (1)不可能或者不真實(shí)的事件,即與事實(shí)相反。不用過去完成時(shí)的幾種情況: (1)一個(gè)主語發(fā)出的兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞。 She PLAYED with her friends when the babysitter ,play發(fā)生在arrived之后,而且兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同樣重要。不管句子有沒有出現(xiàn)right now,只要句子暗示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生,就要用進(jìn)行時(shí)。Gmat考察陳述語氣和虛擬語氣。1which VS ingWhich緊跟其修飾的名詞,不能修飾一個(gè)句子。非限制性名詞修飾:有逗號(hào)隔開的,用which;是Nonessential的信息。在gmat里that是不能修飾人,whose可以修飾人和物。將2個(gè)很長的修飾語同時(shí)放在名詞前或名詞后,容易造成笨拙和錯(cuò)誤。 ii. n., a/an + + n., n.。名詞修飾語目的在于告訴你更多關(guān)于被修飾名詞的信息,或者說明句子具體討論的是哪一個(gè)名詞。要注意像feel這樣的系動(dòng)詞后面接形容詞而不是副詞,因?yàn)樵撔稳菰~修飾的是名詞主語而不是feel。所有格結(jié)構(gòu)名詞只能被所有格結(jié)構(gòu)代詞指代,不能被主格或賓格代詞指代。檢驗(yàn)的方法是把指代對(duì)象代替代詞,考察句子是否仍然合理。如: WRONG: The bouquet of flowers WAS a giving of love. ( Bouquet和giving不平行。比如:She argues THAT the agency acts WITH reckless abandon AND WITH disregard for human life AND property, AND THAT it should therefore be shut down.在這個(gè)句子中,出現(xiàn)了多組并列的對(duì)象,有可能在SC的原句中這些對(duì)象的排列是錯(cuò)誤的,此時(shí)必須分清楚邏輯層次,把不同邏輯層次的平行對(duì)象分別處理好。平行結(jié)構(gòu)的存在并不意味著平行制造詞一定存在,只要是以相同的方式表達(dá)兩個(gè)或以上的事物,都要求平行。如: The majority of the students in the class ARE hard workers.The number of+n,謂語用單數(shù)形式。如:Some of the money WAS stolen. Some of the documents WERE stolen. None of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞,后面既可以跟單數(shù)或者復(fù)數(shù)形式的謂語;而not one of+名詞則只能使用單數(shù)形式的謂語。(4)or/ either…or…/ neither…nor… 如果一個(gè)主語包含了以上三種結(jié)構(gòu),甚至有可能兩個(gè)名詞一個(gè)單數(shù)一個(gè)復(fù)數(shù),謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)與最接近的名詞一致(就近一致)??偟膩碚f,就是一個(gè)介詞短語中的名詞不能成為主語,因此常常省略of+n結(jié)構(gòu)來判斷主語(of+n有例外的兩種情況,見下文)。主謂語的搭配必須使得句子有意義,也就是主語必須是謂語的合理發(fā)起者??偟膩碚f,就是一組有關(guān)聯(lián)的詞必須使句子有意義。(1)選擇正確的詞: ??嫉氖窍嘟脑~相互替代而使句子意思發(fā)生改變。 語法:GMAT測試你區(qū)分好和不好的語法的能力。 ends 15Chapter 11 GMC/SV /PARALLELISM: ADVANCED 17Chapter 12 pronouns amp。 modifiers: advanced 19Chapter 13 verbs amp。許多語法錯(cuò)誤的句子看起來很自然。如:詞/詞組意思詞/詞組意思aggravateworsenaggravatingirritatingknow asnamedknown to beacknowledged asloss ofno longer in possession ofloss indecline in valuemandatemandhave a mandatehave authority from votersnative ofperson fromnative tospecies that originated inrange ofvariety ofrangingvaryingrate ofspeed or frequency ofrates forprices forrisegeneral increaseraisea bet of a salary increasesuch asfor instancelikesimilar totry to doseek to acplishtry doingexperiment with按照助動(dòng)詞如may, will , must, should所表示的意思程度進(jìn)行選擇。CONCISION:這是放在GRAMMAR和MEANING之后,進(jìn)行最后考慮的因素。主謂單復(fù)數(shù)一致問題: (1)跳過中間的插入內(nèi)容。遇到句中包含從句時(shí),要注意使主句和從句的主謂分別匹配、一致。如:Neither the coach nor the players ARE going to the beach. 但是如果either或者neither單獨(dú)出現(xiàn)在句子中(不是以either…or/ neither…or)的形式出現(xiàn),那么謂語是單數(shù)形式。(7)Each/every+名詞,謂語使用單數(shù)形式。 因此,在看見part of a whole的結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),不要輕易省略了of a whole判斷主謂一致,因?yàn)榇藭r(shí)的of a whole可能不是插入的內(nèi)容,而可能暗示了謂語使用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)形式。平行并不要求各個(gè)平行部分的每個(gè)詞都平行,只需要中心詞平行即可。如: She argues THAT the agency acts WITH reckless abandon AND WITH disregard for human life AND property, AND THAT it should therefore be abandoned.一些必須使用平行結(jié)構(gòu)的慣用語:要求使用平行結(jié)構(gòu)的慣用語X Acts As YDistinguish X from YX is the Same As YAs X, So Y
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