【正文】 ped classification yards while transferring to these yards the overwhelming share of classification operations still carried out at smaller sectional ,regional and/or local classification yards .This is required in order to optimize and to attain the best economic efficiency in managing freight traffic .The big yards incorporate the highest productivity and the lowest cost of handling individual wagons .They likewise ensure the shortest standard and actual time wagons spend at the yards.Major importance in the overall effort to improve operations is devoted to perfecting the plan of forming trains, which as a matter of fact is the actual link between the state plan for forwarding goods and the operations activity of the railway system.The main directionfor improving the plan of forming trains is to increase through traffic, to form long distance unit trains at the yards that would pass through the biggest possible number of classification yards without being classified. Presently the plan of forming trains is worked out making use of puters and mathematical methods and it covers all classification yards of the system.The level of concentration of classification operations depends entirely on the technical standard and the technology applied at classification yards. Words and Expressionsmanage/180。 （責(zé)任，決定權(quán)）在……，是……的責(zé)任dispose /di180。tend? nt/ ，指定；開(kāi)往（for）Speedy /180。 ，增大Contribute /k? n180。 Regionalwagons of the trains being humped in parallel, which are to be directed to the tracks of the opposite section of the classification yard, are sent to special pickout tracks which are part of each of the sections, They are later rehumped from those tracks for their destination。 調(diào)車(chē)區(qū)Impact To a full extent 列車(chē)編組計(jì)劃Through trafficliv/ In advance 要不是……；沒(méi)有……Clerk /kl?k,klɑrk/ ，專(zhuān)用線(xiàn)submit /s? b180。 單元列車(chē)freight yardns/ . 提高expenditure /ik180。s?mb? l/ . 分散，拆散acmodate /? 180。misiv/ adj. 允許的axle load /180。 第三講 the weights and speeds of trainsIncreasing the weights and speeds of trains is a major factor in handling the constantly growing volume of traffic .A variety of ways and means are used to raise the tonnage and the length of trains.First of all the length of the exisiting tracks must be used to the full. With this in mind prehensive measures of the undertaken at present to raise the static weights of the wagons by increasing the net weight of the modity being forwarded .The permissive axle load of the wagons has been raised, a good share of bulky goods are forwarded in　disassembled　status, the　most　rational　way are use to acmodate the good in the wagons ,the outer dimensions set for the rolling stock at a given region are applied since at use some extra space for loading cargo ,etc. Making proper use some each and every meter of the tracks is of substantial importance too. Applying puter techniques in handling traffic made it possible to take into account the length of each individual wagon rather than of the types of wagons which was mon practice before. As a result one or two wagons were added to every train. Likewise the length of each individual station and/or yard track is taken into consideration: that made it possible to make up trains that are longer than the set standard.In case when the weight and the length of trains are limited by the traction capacities of lootives, alternative standards are being introduced with regard to the weights of trains. To handle trains with weights exceeding the standard double lootive traction, or pusher lootives are used on part of the route. Often the length of the train is limited by the length of station tracks rather than by limited tractive capacities of the lootives. On a number of railways trains are run which are 20 to 25% longer than the station tracks can acodate. Also superlong trains are run on special schedules that have been worked out in such a way that they do not interfere with the presently of the other trains .15 to 20% of the trains presently operated on the main lines exceed the standard length .On high traffic density lines station and/or yard tracks are being extended to provide for the operation of long trains. As additional extended station tracks are put into operation the number of long trains run on special schedules is increased respectively.The handling of jointed trains, that is doubledup and trippledup trains up to 16000 tons heavy ,is of special importance .Some of those trains even exceed that weight .On April 18,1984,to quote one example , a 30220 ton train 4668 meters long was run over a distance of 1130 km from the Ekibastus station to the Tobol station .By raising the tonnage and the length of trains the throughput capacity of lines is enhanced substantially .It also makes it possible to allocate the time needed for track maintenance and to cut down the operational expenditures. Part of the system will be upgraded to ensure the operation of jointed trains.Long term measures are undertaken to raise the tonnage of trains .Extending station tracks along certain axes, putting 6axe wagons into operation on a wide scale –those are measures that should be mentioned first .The utilization of 8axle wagons will raise the permeter of load of the tracks up to tons. Though this will be attained only if the outer dimensions set for the rolling stock is fully used by the industry when building the wagons. Raising the per meter load of the tracks will result in increasing the weight of standard 850metres long trains up to 8000 tons and even up to 10000 tons if the station tracks are extended to 1050 meter.Passenger trains are made