【正文】 their advantage in knowhow over the years. Industrial cluster in Perpres No. 28/2020 regarding the National Industry Policy is defined as a group of core industry concentrated regionally or globally which relating and has social interaction each other dynamically, either by related industry in improving efficiency, creating collective asset, and encourage creation of innovation, so that it creates petitive advantage. Moreover, formulation of national industrial policy explain that cluster industry is industrial grouping which relating each other, either as core industry, supporting industry, or as related industry. Concerning with innovation, industrial cluster can be categorized in four groups (Pavitt, 1984). They are sciencebased clusters, scaleintensive clusters, supplier dominated clusters, and specialized suppliers clusters. In siencebased clusters, access to basic research and government Ramp。在集群演化和研發(fā)活動(dòng)之間缺乏互動(dòng)來(lái)支持在產(chǎn)業(yè)集群中的創(chuàng)新。然而 ,令人驚訝的是， 20 世紀(jì) 80 年代開(kāi)始，地方主義開(kāi)始再生，許多學(xué)者和研究人員又點(diǎn)燃了論證以及編號(hào)實(shí)證研究工程對(duì)區(qū)域產(chǎn)業(yè)集聚和局域網(wǎng)絡(luò)的重要性 (三井 ,2020) 在過(guò)去的三十年中 ,工業(yè) 城市群 在城市和區(qū)域發(fā)展中扮演者領(lǐng)航者的角色，同時(shí) 已經(jīng)為經(jīng)濟(jì)的規(guī)劃 和發(fā)展形成了一種新的工業(yè)組織基礎(chǔ)。 KPIN 政策也被認(rèn)為是民族工業(yè)能力和基于經(jīng)濟(jì)資源潛力、產(chǎn)業(yè)績(jī)效 ,并由國(guó)家產(chǎn)業(yè)面臨的問(wèn)題。 印度尼西亞的產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展政策 在它的發(fā)展過(guò)程中 , 在 1960年年底的民族工業(yè)的斗爭(zhēng)充滿著熱情的進(jìn) 步 ,無(wú)論是在其結(jié)構(gòu)、多元化、還是市場(chǎng)導(dǎo)向上。對(duì)發(fā)達(dá)工業(yè)的分析結(jié)果被編組為兩種類 型 ,包括由出口和國(guó)內(nèi)為導(dǎo)向的產(chǎn)業(yè) ,然后分為四種類型 :以天然資源為基礎(chǔ)的工業(yè)工業(yè)、勞動(dòng)密集型行業(yè) ,資本密集型行業(yè) ,技術(shù)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)。它需要以網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理為支持 ,包括當(dāng)?shù)丶夯蚝Ｍ饪鐕?guó)集群。此外 , Walter Isard(Isbashoiu， 2020）這一概念在該地區(qū)使用出口型產(chǎn)業(yè)與其他產(chǎn)業(yè)及其連接擴(kuò)大。此外 ,國(guó)家產(chǎn)業(yè)政策的制定 ,說(shuō)明集群產(chǎn)業(yè)彼此劃分 ,既可作為有關(guān)核心產(chǎn)業(yè)、配套行業(yè) ,或與此相關(guān)的行業(yè)。他們的創(chuàng)新成果依賴于他們有能力在其他地區(qū)引進(jìn)和建立科學(xué)的發(fā)展。這可以通過(guò)幾種方式進(jìn)行 : 1. 結(jié)合合作伙伴和發(fā)展國(guó)際的技術(shù)和知識(shí)的來(lái)源 2. 利用現(xiàn)有的國(guó)外技術(shù)和知識(shí)伴隨本國(guó)資源 3. 執(zhí)行能力學(xué)習(xí)來(lái)提高收養(yǎng)、使用、提高產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)獲取 4. 不斷重復(fù)這三個(gè)周期 因?yàn)檫@個(gè)原因 ,聯(lián)合國(guó)工業(yè)發(fā)展組織審視工業(yè)創(chuàng)新和學(xué)習(xí)系統(tǒng) ,如圖 3 所示。 聯(lián)合國(guó)工業(yè)發(fā)展組織 (UNIDO),2020年。經(jīng)合組織 (OECD), 1999, 國(guó)家創(chuàng)新系統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織的管理。最后的 范疇是專業(yè)化供應(yīng)商集群。這種類型的集群需要專利集約化和高水平的研發(fā)。 許多學(xué)者指出了區(qū)域集群都有它們的起源 ,尤其是局部因素條件，本地需求和存在 相關(guān)的工業(yè)。 2. 在同一部門或在其他的行業(yè)加強(qiáng)集群之間的關(guān)系 ,同時(shí)促進(jìn)中小企業(yè)和大型企業(yè)合 作夥伴關(guān)系及其他有關(guān)互動(dòng)關(guān)系 ,然后通過(guò)生產(chǎn)力的提高支撐產(chǎn)業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和結(jié)構(gòu)形式的 增值。 KPIN 中所提到的未來(lái)工業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略在印尼的最新觀點(diǎn)是適應(yīng)目前全球化下的相關(guān)技術(shù)發(fā)展和 21 世紀(jì)科技發(fā)展的工業(yè)發(fā)展途徑在上下文中通過(guò)集群概念建立的可持續(xù)產(chǎn)業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。 即便如此 ,在 19821996 期間 ,石油的價(jià)格已經(jīng)有所下降。不清楚研發(fā)機(jī)構(gòu)和工業(yè)部門的作用而導(dǎo)致印尼原料或者輔助材料的大量進(jìn)口 (技術(shù) ),如圖 1。馬歇爾 （ 園部 和大冢， 2020) 研究了產(chǎn)業(yè)集群所存在的三個(gè)效益 ,如下 : 1. 信息外溢 2. 企業(yè)間的專業(yè)化和勞動(dòng)力分工 3. 發(fā)展成熟的勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng) 考慮到產(chǎn)業(yè)集群為工業(yè)的發(fā)展所帶來(lái)的益處 , 印尼政府制定了國(guó)家產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展政策(KPIN)催生國(guó)家未來(lái)工業(yè)的發(fā)展的新方向和解決目前存在的阻礙其發(fā)展的問(wèn)題。這種情況影響著競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈并且瞬息萬(wàn)變的商業(yè)環(huán)境。Dbased, and concern with product innovation. It generally interacting with either supplier or user, for example hardware and software industry. Development of Industrial Cluster based on Innovation System One of the main key as an effort to achieve sustainable industrial development is by peting through innovation and learning. This can be conducted through several ways: Use the existing foreign technology and knowledge with domestic resources. Carry out learning to increase adoption capability, using, and improving technology obtained. Continuously repeating the three cycles. For this reason, UNIDO carefully examine industrial innovation and learning system as shown in Fig. 3. References 1) Isbasoiu, GeorgeMarian, 2020, Industrial Clusters and Regional Development. The Case of Timisoara and Montebelluna. Presented at the Conference of European Regions Knowledge Based Innovation Network (ERIK), Brussels, May 1011th 2020. Industrial Cluster Project, 2020, Project to Create Manufacturing Industry in Tokai Region, Accessed on March, 5, 2020. 2) Mitsui, Itsutomo, 2020 Industrial cluster policies and regional development in the age of globalisation Eastern and Western approaches and their differences. 30th ISBC in Singapore. OECD, 1999, Managing National Innovation Systems. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). 3) Otsuka, Keijiro, 2020, Cluster Based Based Industrial Development: Industrial Development: A View A View from East Asia. Foundation for Advanced Studies on International Development (FASID). 4) Patel, P. and Pavitt, K. 1994. National Innovation Systems: Why They are Important, and How They Might be Measured and Compared. . Accessed on March, 3, 2020. 5) Sonobe, Tetsushi, Hu, Dinghuan, and Keijiro Otsuka, 2020 Development of the Motorcycle Industry in t