【正文】
luding workpiece configuration, manufacturing processes involved, and machining environment. This is also a very time consuming work when using traditional CAD tools (such as Unigraphics, CATIA or Pro/E), which are good at performing detailed design tasks, but provide few benefits for taking advantage of the previous design experience and res ources, which are precisely the key factors in improving the efficiency. The methodology of case based reasoning (CBR) adapts the solution of a previously solved case to build a solution for a new problem with the following four steps: retrieve, reuse, revise, and retain [1]. This is a more useful method than the use of an expert system to simulate human thought because proposing a similar case and applying a few modifications seems to be self explanatory and more intuitive to humans .So various case based design support tools have been developed for numerous areas[24], such as in injection molding and design, architectural design, die casting die design, process planning, and also in fixture design. Sun used six digitals to pose the index code that incl uded workpiece shape, machine portion, bushing, the 1st locating device, the 2nd locating device and 洛陽理工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計論文 38 clamping device[5]. But the system cannot be used for other fixture types except for drill fixtures, and cannot solve the problem of storage of the same index code that needs to be retained, which is very important in CBR[6]. 1. Construction of a Case Index and Case Library Case index The case index should be posed of all features of the workpiece, which are distinguished from different fixtures. Using all of them would make the operation in convenient. Because the forms of the parts are diverse, and the technology requirements of manufacture in the enterprise also develop continuously, lots of features used as the case index will make the search rate slow, and the main feature unimportant, for the reason that the relative weight which is allotted to every feature must diminish. And on the other hand, it is hard to include all the features in the case index. Hierarchical form of Case The structure similarity of the fixture is represented as the whole fixture similarity, ponents similarity and ponent similarity. So the whole fixture case library, ponents case library, ponent case library of fixture are formed correspondingly. Usually design information of the whole fixture is posed of workpiece information and workpiece procedure information, which represent the fixture satisfying the specifically designing function demand. The whole fixture case is made up of function ponents, which are described by the function ponents’ names and numbers. The ponents case represents the members. (function ponent and other structure ponents , main driven parameter, the number, and their constrain relations.) The ponent case (the lowest layer of the fixture) is the structure of function ponent and other ponents. In the modern fixture design there are lots of parametric standard parts and mon non standard parts. So the ponent case library should record the specification parame ter and the way in which it keeps them. 2. Strategy of Case Retrieval 洛陽理工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計論文 39 In the case based design of fixtures ,the m。但也有很多地方還有 待進(jìn)一步的改進(jìn) 。指導(dǎo)老師親自帶我們曾多次深入 洛陽一拖進(jìn)行實地考察。 頂桿的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計 頂桿的結(jié)構(gòu)見圖 42 所示 洛陽理工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文) 29 圖 42 頂桿的結(jié)構(gòu)圖 套筒的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計 其結(jié)構(gòu)見圖 43 所示 圖 43 套筒的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計 洛陽理工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文) 30 導(dǎo)桿的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計 導(dǎo)桿 是連接頂桿與支柱的中間環(huán)節(jié),其實際起到的作用就是一個斜楔機(jī)構(gòu),它將由氣缸所帶動產(chǎn)生的水平運(yùn)動轉(zhuǎn)化為豎直運(yùn)動,是運(yùn)動轉(zhuǎn)化的中間環(huán)節(jié),其結(jié)構(gòu)見圖 44 所示 圖 44 導(dǎo)桿的結(jié)構(gòu)圖 由導(dǎo)桿的結(jié)構(gòu)圖,其左端的前端面開由通孔,其作用可以方便頂桿的頭部從側(cè)面裝入,導(dǎo)桿的右端實際上就是一個斜楔機(jī)構(gòu),它通過其下端面與滾輪接觸,從而拉下支柱 壓緊工件。 (2) 螺旋夾緊機(jī)構(gòu) 利用螺桿直接夾緊工件,或者與其他元件組成復(fù)合夾緊機(jī)構(gòu) 夾緊工件,是應(yīng)用較廣泛的一種夾緊機(jī)構(gòu),由于螺旋夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)具有結(jié)構(gòu)簡單,容易制造,夾緊可靠,擴(kuò)力比大和夾緊行程不受限制等特點,所以在手動夾緊裝置中被廣泛應(yīng)用,在夾具中除采用螺桿直接夾緊工件外,經(jīng)常采用螺旋壓板夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)。 (2)電磁夾緊 如平面磨床上的電磁吸盤,當(dāng)線圈中通上直流電后,其鐵芯就會產(chǎn)生磁場,在磁場力的作用下將導(dǎo)磁性工件夾緊在吸盤上。 (1)壓力油工作壓力較高,因此液壓缸尺寸較小,不需要增力機(jī)構(gòu),夾緊裝置緊湊。 (4)方向控制閥 控制壓縮空氣對氣缸的進(jìn)氣和排氣。氣動夾緊裝置一般有以下特點。這 是應(yīng)用最廣泛的一種夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)。有時工件的定位是在夾緊過程中實現(xiàn)的,正確的夾緊還能糾正工件定位的不正確。 差 t? 的確定,刀具位置誤差是刀具相對于夾具位置不準(zhǔn)確引起的誤差,或刀具與導(dǎo)向、對刀元件間的配合間隙引起的導(dǎo)向或?qū)Φ墩`差,這項誤差又稱刀具調(diào)整誤差,則 t? =。 ,使夾具的安裝面偏離規(guī)定位置而產(chǎn)生夾具安裝誤 差 a? 。若夾具設(shè)計合理,則可以減小或排除機(jī)床、刀具等對工件加工精度的影響。鏜削力作用的中 心線相距 3S =65mm。 YFK= 洛陽理工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文) 19 故zyFyFyFy FncyxpFy KvfaCF ????= 3 0 ???? =412N xFC=451。 常用的指數(shù)公式如下: zzFzFZFz FncyxpFz KvfaCF ????? zyFyFyFy FncyxpFy KvfaCF ????? xxFFxxFx FncyxpFx KvfaCF ????? 式中: zF —— 主切削力; yF —— 切深抗力 (背向力) ; xF —— 進(jìn)給抗力(進(jìn)給力); zFC、YFC、xFC—— 與被加工金屬材料和切削條件有關(guān)的系數(shù); zFx、YFx、xFx—— 背吃刀量 pa 的影響系數(shù); zFy、YFy、xFy—— 進(jìn)給量 f的影響系數(shù); zFn、YFn、xFn—— 切削速度 cv 的影響系數(shù); zFK、YFK、xFK—— 計算條件與實驗條件不同時的總修正系數(shù)。因此。 在本次夾具設(shè)計中,夾緊力是由氣缸通過活塞,再經(jīng)過斜楔機(jī)構(gòu) 拉下支桿,從而帶動 壓板 來 提供的。 ,適當(dāng),要保證工件在夾緊后的變形和受壓表面的損傷不致超出允許的范圍。 夾緊要求特 征項:主要指性能要求,包括定位要求、定位基準(zhǔn)選擇,如特征點、特征面。即 iY iiAA ??????? m inm a xm inm a x 定位誤差的計算 以孔 ? 160 為例來計算其定位誤差: (1)定位基面為平面,故 Y? =0; (2)工序基準(zhǔn)為 ? 160 孔的軸 線,定位基準(zhǔn)為工件的下底平面,兩者不重合,故存在基準(zhǔn)不重合誤差。引起定位誤差的原因有兩項:一項是基準(zhǔn)不重合誤差,另一項是基準(zhǔn)位移誤差。 圖 23 支撐板 洛陽理工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文) 12 圖 24 圓柱銷和菱形銷 采用一面和一個短圓柱銷 、 一個短菱形銷的定位方式,限制了 殼體的六個方向的自由度,滿足六點定位原理,屬于上述的完全定位類型,能夠滿足工件加工表面的位置要求。工件在夾具中定位時,可根據(jù)各自的結(jié)構(gòu)特點和工序加工要求,選取其上的平面、圓柱面、圓錐面或它們之間的組合表面作為定位基準(zhǔn)。 避免過定位的措施是改變定位裝置的結(jié)構(gòu),如將長圓柱銷改為短圓柱銷,去掉重復(fù)限制 、 的兩個支承點,或?qū)⒋笾С邪甯穆尻柪砉W(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文) 9 為小支承板或浮動支承,如圖 2 2c 所示,使用球面墊圈,去掉重復(fù)限制 。 需要限制的自由度少于六個 。 ,保證生產(chǎn)安全 。 圖 11 鏜套 用于確定夾具在機(jī)床上正確位置的元件,如夾具體的地面位安裝基面,保證了鏜套的軸線與鏜床工作臺平行。 2.工裝夾具設(shè)計的基本方 法與步驟 (1)設(shè)計前準(zhǔn)備夾具設(shè)計的原始資料包括以下內(nèi)容 1)夾具設(shè)計任務(wù)單; 2)工件圖樣及技術(shù)條件; 3)工件的裝配工藝規(guī)程; 洛陽理工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文) 5 4)夾具設(shè)計的技術(shù)條件; 5)夾具的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和規(guī)格化資料,包括國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)工廠標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)格化結(jié)構(gòu)圖冊等。通過所給產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行該產(chǎn)品 夾具 設(shè)