農(nóng)大發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)講義(存儲(chǔ)版)
【正文】 different sources and patterns of economic changes and it is a specific succession of these segments, so that b cannot occur before a, or c before b. 11 羅斯托的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)階段論 羅斯托把人類社會(huì)的發(fā)展歷史劃分為六個(gè)階段： (1)傳 統(tǒng)社會(huì) ； (2)作為起飛前提的階段； (3)起飛 ； (4)成熟； (5)大眾高消費(fèi)階段； (6)追求生活質(zhì)量階段。 8 結(jié)論 Conclusions 提出了幾個(gè)增長(zhǎng)率概念： ①有保證的增長(zhǎng)率： 是由人們想要進(jìn)行的儲(chǔ)蓄水平和令投資者滿意并與資本存量相一致的資本 產(chǎn)出比決定的增長(zhǎng)率。由于兩者在形式上極為相似，所以稱為哈羅德 — 多馬模型。 ? Refer to relevant data and sum up various index for measurement of development. 1 目的：通過(guò)對(duì)幾個(gè)衡量經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的指標(biāo)的分析 ， 理解經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的含義 Purpose: Define ‘ development’ through analysis of several index for measuring economic development 內(nèi)容：中國(guó) GDP或 GNP的變化；中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)總產(chǎn)值的變化；中國(guó)農(nóng)民人均收入的變化；中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)勞動(dòng)力的變化；中國(guó)教育及文化水平的變化；中國(guó)醫(yī)療保健及相關(guān)指標(biāo)的變化；中國(guó)城市居民消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)的變化；中國(guó)農(nóng)村居民消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)的變化 （ 與亞洲發(fā)展中國(guó)家平均水平 、或與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家平均水平比較 ） Content: GDP or GNP in China。 references/source 2 七、現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展理論 Modern Economic Development Theories 假設(shè)：科學(xué)技術(shù)進(jìn)步、工業(yè)化、經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)是發(fā)展目標(biāo) 歐美發(fā)展模式是可借鑒的 Assumption: development objectives— technology progress, industrialization, economic growth and models in Europe and America could be used as references ? 資本積累和工業(yè)化理論 Theories on industrialization and capital accumulation ? 二元經(jīng)濟(jì)理論 Theory on DualEconomy ? 依附理論 Theory of Dependency Development Economics I Theories 3 （一）哈羅德 多馬經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)模型 HarrodDomar Economic Growth Model (Neoclassical Growth) 經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)模型指的是經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的理論結(jié)構(gòu)，它所要說(shuō)明的是經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)與有關(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)變量之間的因果關(guān)系和數(shù)量關(guān)系。 △ K= v△ Y=I ? 所以 ： S= sY=△ K= v△ Y=I ， ? Gw =△ Y/Y=s/v ? 哈羅德 多馬模型說(shuō)明： GNP的增長(zhǎng)率是由國(guó)民儲(chǔ)蓄率和國(guó)民資本 產(chǎn)出比共同決定的。 9 對(duì)哈羅德 — 多馬模型的評(píng)價(jià)： ? 優(yōu)點(diǎn)：簡(jiǎn)潔 ? 缺點(diǎn)： 均衡條件難以滿足，而且該模型不具備自身調(diào)節(jié)能力。 Savings 23 ? 意義 Implication 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)效益：成本降低；外在經(jīng)濟(jì) The Economies of Scale: internal (more efficient division of labor within a firm) and external (crossfertilization amongst firms in an industry) ? 不足 Failure failed to replicate the European success story in the Third World 過(guò)分強(qiáng)調(diào)工業(yè)化和資本的作用 investment is not the only ponent, . human resources 社會(huì)分?jǐn)傎Y本并非都是不可分的 questions of assumptions 大規(guī)模投資不切合實(shí)際 ignored questions of ownership of capital imports from the West 忽略了增長(zhǎng)中的分配問(wèn)題 ignored question of distribution of valueadded generated in the growth process Ulterior political and ideological motives 24 （四）涓流機(jī)制與不平衡增長(zhǎng)理論 The trickledown Theory and Western Capitalism Our subject matter is growth, not distribution. Lewis, 1955 1. 不公平有利于投資和增長(zhǎng) 因?yàn)椋焊挥惺故杖氪蟛糠钟糜趦?chǔ)蓄和投資 窮人的收入多用于消費(fèi) 儲(chǔ)蓄和投資有利于增長(zhǎng) 增長(zhǎng)使收入通過(guò)市場(chǎng)機(jī)制下滲 Accelerated economic growth would filter down and spread across, bringing the benefits of capitalist growth to the poorer segment of developing societies. 25 集中投資于有最多聯(lián)系效應(yīng)的產(chǎn)業(yè) 優(yōu)勢(shì)：通過(guò)外部經(jīng)濟(jì)和聯(lián)系效應(yīng)創(chuàng)造投資機(jī)會(huì) 所以：加強(qiáng)產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)部的聯(lián)系；增長(zhǎng)點(diǎn)的形成 Interlink among industries, Growth Poles 收入差距：增加、持平、下降 扶貧只是發(fā)展框架中很不受重視的一部分，資源稟賦也沒(méi)有得到考慮，節(jié)約勞動(dòng)的進(jìn)口替代技術(shù)被推崇 Relegated poverty alleviation to the bottom of the development agenda and with total disregard of the inherent factorendowments of LDCs, encourages laborsaving import substitution industrialization (ISI) technologies. 26 Disenchantment with the ‘ Trickledown’ Theory Empirical evidence from developing countries: Western economic development theory was not working as expected. the gap widening between the first and third world domestic inequality between the rich and poor within developing countries Four major signs of concern about it: rural exodus and the emergence of informal sectors mushroomed around overcrowded, subhuman settlements in shantytowns and slums worsening unemployment problems in the wake of capitalintensive industrialization increasing poverty and social injustice genderbias of Western mainstream theories of development 27 增長(zhǎng)極的形成（增長(zhǎng)極理論）Growth Pole 弗朗索瓦 ?佩爾魯克斯 在不同時(shí)期，經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的勢(shì)頭不會(huì)在所有地區(qū)和部門同時(shí)出現(xiàn)，而是集中在某些具有創(chuàng)新能力的行業(yè)和主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)業(yè)部門，而這些部門和行業(yè)通常集聚在大城市中心，從而形成發(fā)展極。 1982年任美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)會(huì)會(huì)長(zhǎng)。 New international economic order 42 （十）卡爾 《資本論》第一卷于 1867年問(wèn)世。 :13:5408:13:54March 23, 2023 1他鄉(xiāng)生白發(fā)，舊國(guó)見(jiàn)青山。 08:13:5408:13:5408:13Thursday, March 23,
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