【正文】 total cost. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 ?在長期中成本都是可變的。 ?當(dāng)長期平均總成本不隨著產(chǎn)量變動而變動時(shí)，可以說存在 規(guī)模收益不變。 variable costs do. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 ?邊際成本是如果產(chǎn)量增加一個(gè)單位總成本應(yīng)該增加的量。 ?特別地，許多成本在短期是固定的，而在長期是可變的。 2023年 3月 11日星期六 上午 10時(shí) 40分 13秒 10:40: 1比不了得就不比，得不到的就不要。 :40:1310:40:13March 11, 2023 1意志堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的人能把世界放在手中像泥塊一樣任意揉捏。 10:40:1310:40:1310:40Saturday, March 11, 2023 1知人者智，自知者明。 上午 10時(shí) 40分 13秒 上午 10時(shí) 40分 10:40: MOMODA POWERPOINT Lorem ipsum dolor sit, eleifend nulla ac, fringilla purus. Nulla iaculis tempor felis amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Fusce id urna blanditut cursus. 感謝您的下載觀看 專家告訴 。 10:40:1310:40:1310:403/11/2023 10:40:13 AM 1越是沒有本領(lǐng)的就越加自命不凡。 :40:1310:40Mar2311Mar23 1世間成事，不求其絕對圓滿，留一份不足，可得無限完美。 10:40:1310:40:1310:40Saturday, March 11, 2023 1乍見翻疑夢，相悲各問年。 ?邊際成本曲線總是與平均總成本曲線相交于平均總成本曲線的最低點(diǎn)。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Summary ?Average total cost is total cost divided by the quantity of output. ?Marginal cost is the amount by which total cost would rise if output were increased by one unit. ?The marginal cost always rises with the quantity of output. ?Average cost first falls as output increases and then rises. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)與規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟(jì) ?當(dāng)長期平均總成本隨著產(chǎn)量增加而減少時(shí)，可以說存在 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. 短期與長期成本 ?對許多企業(yè)來說，總成本分為固定和可變成本取決于所考察的時(shí)間長短。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Big Bob’s Cost Curves Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Relationship Between Marginal Cost and Average Total Cost The marginalcost curve crosses the averagetotalcost curve at the efficient scale. ?Efficient scale is the quantity that minimizes average total cost. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. 邊際成本：索斯蒂 .特爾瑪?shù)臋幟仕? 產(chǎn)量 總成本 邊際成本 產(chǎn)量 總成本 邊際成本 0 $ 3 . 0 0 — 1 3 . 3 0 $ 0 . 3 0 6 $ 7 . 8 0 $ 1 . 3 0 2 3 . 8 0 0 . 5 0 7 9 . 3 0 1 . 5 0 3 4 . 5 0 0 . 7 0 8 1 1 . 0 0 1 . 7 0 4 5 . 4 0 0 . 9 0 9 1 2 . 9 0 1 . 9 0 5 6 . 5 0 1 . 1 0 10 1 5 . 0 0 2 . 1 0 Figure 4 Thirsty Thelma’s TotalCost Curves Total Cost $ Quantity of Output (glasses of lemonade per hour) 0 1 4 3 2 7 6 5 9 8 10 Totalcost curve 圖 4. 索斯蒂 .特爾瑪?shù)目偝杀厩€ 總成本 $ 產(chǎn)量 (每小時(shí)檸檬水杯數(shù) ) 0 1 4 3 2 7 6 5 9 8 10 總成本曲線 Figure 5 Thirsty Thelma’s AverageCost and MarginalCost Curves Costs $ Quantity of Output (glasses of lemonade per hour) 0 1 4 3 2 7 6 5 9 8 10 MC ATC AVC AFC 圖 5. 索斯蒂 .特爾瑪?shù)钠骄杀竞瓦呺H成本曲線 成本 $ 產(chǎn)量 (每小時(shí)檸檬水杯數(shù) ) 0 1 4 3 2 7 6 5 9 8 10 MC ATC AVC AFC Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. $ Table 2 The Various Measures of Cost: Thirsty Thelma’s Lemonade Stand Quantity AFC AVC ATC 0 — — — 1 $ $ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Table 2 The Various Measures of Cost: Thirsty Thelma’s Lemonade Stand Quantity Total Cost Fixed Cost Variable Cost 0 $ $ $ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. The Various Measures of Cost 成本的各種衡量 Costs of production may be divided into fixed costs and variable costs. 生產(chǎn)成本可以分為固定成本 和可變成本。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Marginal Product 邊際產(chǎn)量 Additional input 投入增加量 Additional output = Marginal product 邊際產(chǎn)量 產(chǎn)出增加量 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Economic Profit versus Accounting Profit Revenue Total opportunity costs How an Economist Views a Firm Explicit costs Economic profit Implicit costs Explicit costs Accounting profit How an Accountant Views a Firm Revenue Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Total Revenue,Total Cost,and profit 總收入、總成本與利潤 ?Total Revenue 總收入 ?The amount that the firm receives for the sale of its output. 企業(yè)銷售產(chǎn)品所得 ?Total Cost 總成本 ?The market value of the inputs a firm uses in production. 企業(yè)用于生產(chǎn)的投入要素的市場價(jià)值。 ? 現(xiàn)代微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)就是研究供給、需求與市場均衡的學(xué)科 。 ? 供給 與 需求 是使市場經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行的力量。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. 什么是成本 ? ? 企業(yè)的目標(biāo) ?企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)目標(biāo)是利潤最大化 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 ? 隱性成本 — 不要求企業(yè)支付貨幣的投入要素成本。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 ?隨著工人數(shù)量增加，邊際產(chǎn)量減少，生產(chǎn)函數(shù)越來越平坦。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Figure 3 Hungry Helen’s Tota