語(yǔ)言學(xué)總復(fù)習(xí)(存儲(chǔ)版)
【正文】 Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human munication. Language is a system. Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic(內(nèi)在的 ) connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for. “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.” ——Romeo and Julier ?“Design features” here refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal munication. They are arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, cultural transmission. 2. Speech Sounds ?1. What is phoics? ?2. What are the three main branches of phoics? ?3. Classification of English Consonants. ?4. Classification of Vowels. ?5. What is phonology? ?6. What’s the difference between phoics and phonology? ?7. What is a phone? What is a phoneme? What is an allophone? What is phoics? ? The science studies the characteristics of human soundmaking, especially those sounds used in speech, and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. ? 1． Articulatory Phoics ? 發(fā)音語(yǔ)音學(xué) ? Phoics 2． Acoustic Phoics ? 聲學(xué)語(yǔ)音學(xué) ? 3． Auditory Phoics ? 聽(tīng)覺(jué)語(yǔ)音學(xué) ?1. Articulatory Phoics : the study of the production of speech sounds. ?2. Acoustic Phoics ： is the study of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech. ?3. Auditory Phoics ： is concerned with the perception of speech sounds. ? Stop （ Plosive） 塞音（爆破音） ? [b] [p] [t] [d] [k] [g] ? Nasal 鼻音 [m] [n] [?] ? Fricative 擦音 [f] [v] [θ] [s] [z] [∫] [З] ? Approximant 中通音 [ j ] [r] [w] ? Lateral 邊通音 [l] ? Trill 顫音 [r] ? Tap and Flap 觸音 ? Affricate 塞擦音 [t∫] [dЗ] ? Bilabial 雙唇音 [p] [b] [m] ? Labiodental 唇齒音 [f] [v] ? Dental 齒音 [θ] [240。 used as free grammatical units in sentences man, earth, wind, car, anger Bound Morphemes: cannot occur as separate words recollection re/collect/ion ?Root（ 詞根 ） : is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. ?Stem（ 詞干 ） : may consist of a single root morpheme or plus one or more affixational morphemes. ?Affixes（ 詞綴 ） : are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. ? Closed class words （封閉類(lèi)詞） ? Openclass words （開(kāi)放類(lèi)詞） ? 1) Closed words : their membership is fixed or limited. ? . pro. prep. conj. art. etc. ? 2) Openclass words: whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited. ? . n. v. adj. adv. ? . regarding / with regard to 。 ? 甲：當(dāng)今法國(guó)國(guó)王是個(gè)禿子。 該描寫(xiě)不僅反映了象似性具有普遍性 ， 存在于語(yǔ)言的不同層面 ， 而且還為象似性理論提供了一條可應(yīng)用的系統(tǒng)研究線(xiàn)索 。 語(yǔ)言的突顯觀 語(yǔ)言的突顯觀認(rèn)為 ， 語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)中信息的選擇與安排是由信息的突出程度決定的 。 語(yǔ)義學(xué)與語(yǔ)用學(xué)的聯(lián)系和區(qū)別： 二者都是對(duì)意義的研究 ， 但它們是在兩個(gè)不同的層面上對(duì)意義進(jìn)行的研究：語(yǔ)義學(xué)是對(duì)抽象語(yǔ)言能力的研究 ， 語(yǔ)用學(xué)是對(duì)言語(yǔ)行為 （ 即通過(guò)言語(yǔ)實(shí)施的行為 ， 是說(shuō)話(huà)人跟聽(tīng)話(huà)人對(duì)抽象的語(yǔ)言能力的運(yùn)用 ） 的研究 。奧斯汀 1955年提出的 。 我們可以說(shuō)“ Morning！ ” 有問(wèn)候的語(yǔ)力 ， 或者說(shuō) ， 它應(yīng)該被理解成問(wèn)候 。 自然意義指話(huà)語(yǔ)本身表達(dá)的客觀事實(shí) ， 而非自然意義指說(shuō)話(huà)人要表達(dá)的意圖 ， 即主觀的非實(shí)際的信息 。 男孩對(duì)女孩說(shuō)： “ 你不帶眼鏡的時(shí)候很漂亮 。 質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則
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