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Grice試圖弄明白 , 人們是怎樣傳達(dá)沒有明確說出來的涵義的 。 通過告訴聽話人某事 , 說話人可以改變聽話人對(duì)某件事的觀點(diǎn) , 或者誤導(dǎo)他 , 讓他驚奇 , 誘導(dǎo)他做某事 ,等等 。 因此我們贊成利奇采用的觀點(diǎn):“ 語義學(xué)和語用學(xué)是互不相同但又互相補(bǔ)充的研究領(lǐng)域 。 ) 59 英語的語序與漢語的語序 常常是不對(duì)應(yīng)的,這是由于英語的語序與實(shí)際生活中的時(shí)間順序常是不對(duì)應(yīng)的。 3. What is Immediate Constituent (IC) Analysis? The relation between a sentence and its ponent elements is a Construction ( 結(jié)構(gòu)體 ) and its Constituents( 成分 ) . To analyze their relations is IC. To show how small constituents in sentences go together to form large constituents. With Bloomfield’s IC Analysis: ? The boy kicked the ball The boy kicked the ball ? S ? NP VP ? ? Det N V NP ? ? Det N ? The boy kicked the ball With Chomsky’s Tree Diagram analysis ? ? 4. Endocentric and Exocentric constructions:向心結(jié)構(gòu)和離心結(jié)構(gòu) P78 Endocentric Construction: is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents. A word or a group of words serves as a definable “center.” ?某一成分決定了整體短語的性質(zhì) ? two pretty girls ? Exocentric Construction: opposite of endocentric construction, refers to a group of syntactically related words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole。語言學(xué)復(fù)習(xí) 1. Invitations to Linguistics 1. What is language? 2. What are the design features of language? 3. What is arbitrariness? 4. What is duality? 5. What is creativity? 6. What is displacement? ? 7. The origin of language. ? 8. What functions does language have? ? 9. What is Linguistics? ? 10. What are the main branches of linguistics? ? 11. Important distinctions in Liguistics. Descriptive amp。 there is no definable centre or head inside the group. 整體短語中的成分無法決定整體短語的性質(zhì) 。例: 他 從 成都 坐 火 車 經(jīng) 遂寧 到 重慶 。 ” 句子與話語 句子:是一個(gè)句法學(xué) 、 語義學(xué)的概念 ,是脫離語境條件的抽象的單位 , 多用于指抽象的語法結(jié)構(gòu)或脫離語境條件的結(jié)構(gòu)組合 ,也就是說 ,它是按照一定的語法規(guī)則組合起來的 、 具有意義的語言單位 , 其意義就是詞匯意義和語法意義的組合 , 在任何條件下它的意義都是恒定的 。 不管這些效果是否符合說話人的本意 , 它們都可以看作說話人行為的一部分 。 格賴斯的合作原則是會(huì)話含義理論的基礎(chǔ) 。 ” 男孩有理由否認(rèn)他這樣說了 , 但是他不能否認(rèn)自己多少暗示了這一點(diǎn) 。 Perlocutionary act(取效行為) ?說話可以看成做事的第三種意義 ,涉及話語對(duì)聽話人產(chǎn)生的效果 。 然而不應(yīng)該忘記言語行為是語言能力的具體體現(xiàn) 。 ) give sb. sth. 與 give sth. to sb. 的距離象似性 give you a book give a book to you help sb. (to) do 結(jié)構(gòu)與距離象似性 He helped me finish the meal. He helped me to finish the meal. This medicine will help you to sleep. apple, tree apple tree apple trees 語,文 語文 語和文 順序象似性 語言單位排列順序象似于時(shí)間順序和文化觀念 Jacobson (1965) : The order of clauses corresponds in general to the order of events, as in “I came, I saw, I conquered.”(一般來說,分句的順序象似于事件的順序,例如:“我來,我看,我征服”。 句法范疇不同于詞類 , 兩個(gè)屬于不同詞類的詞可能屬于同一句法范疇 。 Prescriptive ( 描寫與規(guī)定 ) Synchronic L amp。 ? It includes basic sentence, PP, (V+O) construction, and connective construction (be+plement). Concord : also known as Agreement, the form of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories. ?There is a book on the shelf. ?There are some books on the shelf. ?We are studying En