【正文】 ou appealed to popularity or the fact that many people do something as an attempted form of validation.The flaw in this argument is that the popularity of an idea has absolutely no bearing on its validity.If it did, then the Earth would have made itself flat for most of history to acmodate this popular belief.Example: Bob says that he knows a scientist who also questions evolution (and presumably isn39。s argument.Example:t allow for the many different variables, conditions, and contexts in which there would exist more than just the two possibilities put forth. It frames the argument misleadingly and obscures rational, honest debate.Example:natural39。The medicine man rolled into town on his bandwagon offering various natural remedies, such as very special plain water. He said that it was only natural that people should be wary of 39。t believe everything you read about meta analyses of methodologically sound studies showing proven causal relationships.第二十三條：德克薩斯神槍手23. thetexas sharpshooterYou cherrypicked a data cluster to suit your argument, or found a pattern to fit a presumption.This 39。Holly said that vaccinations caused autism in children, but her scientifically wellread friend Caleb said that this claim had been debunked and proven false. Their friend Alice offered a promise that vaccinations must cause some autism, just not all autism.。 statistical reality.Example:t mean it39。natural39。Accused on the 6 o39。true39。isn39。 happening may be low, each spin of the wheel is itself entirely independent from the last. So whilst there may be a very small chance that heads will e up 20 times in a row if you flip a coin, the chances of heads ing up on each individual flip remain 50/50, and aren39。t paid his parking fines, he said that he shouldn39。Edward Johns claimed to be psychic, but when his 39。 this fallacy is also known as the appeal to hypocrisy. It is monly employed as an effective red herring because it takes the heat off someone having to defend their argument, and instead shifts the focus back on to the person making the criticism.Example:Recognising that Amanda had mitted a fallacy in arguing that we should eat healthy food because a nutritionist said it was popular, Alyse said we should therefore eat bacon double cheeseburgers every day.第五條：滑坡謬誤5. slippery slopeYou said that if we allow A to happen, then Z will eventually happen too, therefore A should not happen.The problem with this reasoning is that it avoids engaging with the issue at hand, and instead shifts attention to extreme hypotheticals. Because no proof is presented to show that such extreme hypotheticals will in fact occur, this fallacy has the form of an appeal to emotion fallacy by leveraging fear. In effect the argument at hand is unfairly tainted by unsubstantiated conjecture.Example:s important to note that sometimes a logically coherent argument may inspire emotion or have an emotional aspect, but the problem and fallacy occurs when emotion is used instead of a logical argument, or to obscure the fact that no pelling rational reason exists for one39。s Best and Most Truest Things that are Definitely True and Should Not Ever Be Questioned.第二部分 以下完整版留著資料用。 therefore the authority that such a person or institution holds does not have any intrinsic bearing upon whether their claims are true or not.Example:t fortunate enough to have any food at all.12 . ad hominem ,personal attack 人身攻擊You attacked your opponent39。ve got to stop them from banning pornography. Once they start banning one form of literature, they will never stop. Next thing you know, they will be burning all the books!11. appeal to emotionYou attempted to manipulate an emotional response in place of a valid or pelling argument.Appeals to emotion include appeals to fear, envy, hatred, pity, pride, and more. It39。　　例如：If we don39?！　±纾篗any people say we need to exploit the outer space, a point which I believe is wrong, because there are so many poor people on Earth who hardly make ends meet.成長的過程也太復(fù)雜。　　例如：Most young criminals watch violent movies before they mit their crimes。　　點評：雖然女性確實在政界擔(dān)任較少工作，但這不意味著女性群體中所有的人都是這樣。第一部分 考試范圍內(nèi)本次考試考第一部分列舉的前15個。t pull their weight in government work.　　 (Post Hoc)　　點評：前提條件中就有相互矛盾的地方，結(jié)論當(dāng)然是錯誤的?！　↑c評：孩子和花朵的區(qū)別太大?！　?(Red Herring)　　 (Slippery slope)ll walk all over you.4. We39。s brains with chopped liver and brussel sprouts, but his father told him to think about the poor, starving children in a third world country who weren39。s important to note that this fallacy should not be used to dismiss the claims of exp