【正文】 extinguisher had no propellant 66 years, g/100 ml, entered room of fire origin to get object of personal value. Returning to consider the whole sample, most of the victims who moved at all were attempting to escape and were overe by smoke. Only two actually exited the dwelling (one returned).Movement speed is likely to have been affected by the intake of carbon monoxide and other gases prior to noticing the fire as well as by the other conditions present. In just over 75% of cases the victims were dead when located by firefighters (. were not hospitalized). Three quarters of those asleep and half of those awake did not move from the room in which they were originally located. This suggests that people asleep succumbed to the products of fire without waking or woke too late to take effective action. (An account from a survivor rescued unconscious from his room paints the likely scenario for the latter: woken by yells, was uncertain what to do, got a lungful of smoke and woke up in hospital.) The people awake who remained in the room where the fire started were three children playing with matches, two people in a gas explosion, three elderly people with restricted mobility 華北水利水電學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）32and a 29 year old with an extensive psychiatric history, an alcohol reading of g/100 ml and therapeutic levels of medication for depression. All nine were engaged in actions that brought them into direct contact with flames. Against the author’s expectations, no differences are discernible in relation either to being asleep or to cue reception and recognition for those with alcohol readings over with others in the 1875 year age group. The effect of alcohol on waking behaviour is presumably hidden because the group is being pared with other high risk groups whose response is similar. The effect of alcohol on waking response needs to be demonstrated through experimental evidence.There is considerable danger in retrospectively judging actions taken in response to awareness of fire when the viewpoint of the victim is absent (consider the misuse of panic as an explanation for behaviour in fire, particularly for nonsuccessful actions) but the data suggest that alcohol may impair judgement regarding appropriate seeing flames and being warned by outsiders. A cate action .Four inebriated people delayed their escape by attending to other taskscollecting items of personal value. (2), drinking, and fighting the fire. Focusing attention on an intermediate goal rather than on self preservation increases danger .The only other instances where escape was consciously delayed involve altruistic behaviour in family units where people were helping others and three 華北水利水電學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）33victims over 70 years who attempted to fight the fire, action that was inappropriate given their physical state and the fire conditions. (Fighting fires is an unusual response in these fires because of the stage of fire development at the time of discovery.) As it is not so unmon for people to take action which endangers their lives further, but which they remain unaware of even after the incident, the interrupting of evacuation may not be so unusual. If th。3 號樓梯間選用 GXF9B 軸流風(fēng)機，轉(zhuǎn)速 720r/min，功率 ，送風(fēng)量 21611~27572 m179。/h。 阻力計算1）局部阻力計算1 號樓梯間取地下一層為最不利點 2hvp??? 局部阻力系數(shù)。/h根據(jù)規(guī)范，取 m179。/h，該前室壓力急劇下降，此時通過開啟門的風(fēng)量為 LL+LA+L1LL 為每層的前室送風(fēng)量；LA 為電梯井通過關(guān)閉的電梯門進入該前室的風(fēng)量；LA=L/3= m179。/h樓梯間向前室漏風(fēng)量L2=251/23600=179。LY=360022（1+）/=22176m179。/h，合用前室加壓送風(fēng)量為 12022~16000m179。最小機械加壓送風(fēng)量條件和部位 加壓送風(fēng)量（m 3/h）前室不送風(fēng)的防煙樓梯間 25000~30000防煙樓梯間 16000~20220防煙樓梯間及其合用前室分別加壓送風(fēng)合用前室 12022~16000消防電梯間前室 15000防煙樓梯間采用自然排煙，前室或合用前室加壓送風(fēng)22022注：表內(nèi)風(fēng)量數(shù)值系按開啟寬高= 的雙扇門為基礎(chǔ)的計算值。當(dāng)樓梯間設(shè)有不開啟的排煙窗能自然排煙而其前室不靠外墻時，只對樓梯間的前室設(shè)置獨立的加壓送風(fēng)系統(tǒng)。/h，全壓為 ，選用 型風(fēng)機，轉(zhuǎn)速 2900r/min，功率 4Kw，風(fēng)量 3120~12083m179。取 ? v風(fēng)道風(fēng)速其中局部阻力按照沿程阻力的 15％估算。＜17000 m179。5）排煙風(fēng)機的設(shè)置應(yīng)符合下列規(guī)定：，其排煙量應(yīng)考慮10﹪～20 ﹪的漏風(fēng)量；； 280℃的環(huán)境條件下連續(xù)工作不少于 30min。2）機械排煙系統(tǒng)的設(shè)置應(yīng)符合下列規(guī)定：；，垂直排煙管道宜設(shè)置在管井內(nèi)；。、合用前室采用敞開的陽臺、凹廊進行防煙，或前室、合用前室內(nèi)有不同朝向且開口面積符合本規(guī)范有關(guān)規(guī)定的可開啟外窗時，該防煙樓梯間可不設(shè)置防煙設(shè)施。6）械加壓送風(fēng)管道、排煙管道和補風(fēng)管道內(nèi)的風(fēng)速應(yīng)符合下列規(guī)定： ，不宜大于 20m/ s；，不宜大于 15m/s。 防排煙系統(tǒng)的一般規(guī)定1）建筑中的防煙可采用機械加壓送風(fēng)防煙方式或可開啟外窗的自然排煙方式。防火卷簾的設(shè)置應(yīng)符合（1）防火卷簾的耐火極限不應(yīng)低于 。泵揚程 H=++=，系統(tǒng)流量 Q=，系統(tǒng)作用面積為 160 ，平均噴水強度 6L/min,滿足中危2m險Ⅰ級建筑物防火要求。3）系統(tǒng)的供水泵、穩(wěn)壓泵，應(yīng)采用自灌式吸水方式。華北水利水電學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）1011）水平安裝的管道宜有坡度，并應(yīng)坡向泄水閥。配水管道的布置，應(yīng)使配水管入口的壓力均衡。2）配水管道應(yīng)采用內(nèi)外壁熱鍍鋅鋼管。minL作用面積（）2m輕危險級 4Ⅰ級 6中危險級 Ⅱ級 8160Ⅰ級 12嚴(yán)重危險級 Ⅱ級 ≤816 260根據(jù)表的規(guī)定，中危險Ⅰ級建筑物的噴水強度為 6 ，作用面積為2華北水利水電學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）6根據(jù)《自動噴水滅火系統(tǒng)設(shè)計規(guī)范》 （GB500842022 ）可知，本建筑屬于中危險級的建筑物，因此選擇閉式自動噴水滅火系統(tǒng)。自動噴水滅火系統(tǒng)是一種在發(fā)生火災(zāi)時，能自動噴水滅火并同時發(fā)生火警信號的滅火系統(tǒng)。8）高層工業(yè)建筑和水箱不能滿足最不利點消火栓水壓要求的其他建筑，應(yīng)在每個室內(nèi)消火栓處設(shè)置直接啟動消防水泵的按鈕，并應(yīng)有保護措施。所以，根據(jù)以上設(shè)計原則及各個系統(tǒng)的特點，同時結(jié)合本設(shè)計中建筑的概況，確定本建筑的給水供水方式為：獨立的不分區(qū)的臨時高壓消防給水系統(tǒng)。即每棟高層建筑內(nèi)設(shè)置一套室內(nèi)消防給水系統(tǒng)，這種系統(tǒng)安全性能好，但管理較分散，投資比較大；區(qū)域集中的消防給水系統(tǒng)，即數(shù)棟或十幾棟形成的高層建筑群共用一個消防加壓泵房的消防給水系統(tǒng)。5）消防電梯前室應(yīng)設(shè)消火栓。高層建筑室內(nèi)消火栓給水系統(tǒng)設(shè)計應(yīng)遵循以下的一般原則。 排煙主要有兩種方式，即自然排煙和機械排煙，通過排煙使火災(zāi)發(fā)生時產(chǎn)生的煙氣能及時排出，為疏散和消防救援提供方便。通過送風(fēng)量、風(fēng)道截面積、阻力等的計算，確定風(fēng)機型號，加壓送風(fēng)機選用斜流風(fēng)機。室內(nèi)消火栓給水系統(tǒng)是高層建筑的主要消防設(shè)施， 《高層民用建筑設(shè)計防火規(guī)范》中有較普通建筑更嚴(yán)格的要求。消火栓栓口的出水壓力大于 水柱時，應(yīng)采用減壓措施。消火栓系統(tǒng)可以根據(jù)不同的方式為不同的給水方式1）按消防給水的服務(wù)范圍分，室內(nèi)消火栓可以分為獨立的消防給水系統(tǒng)和區(qū)域集中的消防給水系統(tǒng)兩種：獨立的消防給水系統(tǒng)。這兩種系統(tǒng)的選擇主要根據(jù)考慮建筑高度，但也要綜合考慮消防水泵，水泵接合器等設(shè)備的性能，最終確定合理的供水方式。7）室內(nèi)消火栓的間距應(yīng)由計算確定。華北水利水電學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）53 自動噴水滅火系統(tǒng)設(shè)計 設(shè)計說明 系統(tǒng)介紹自動噴水滅火系統(tǒng)是由灑水噴頭、報警閥組、水流指示器、壓力開關(guān)、末端試水裝置等組件以及管道、供水設(shè)施組成，并能在發(fā)生火災(zāi)時，自動按設(shè)定的參數(shù)進行噴水滅火，并同時發(fā)出報警信號的固定消防滅火系統(tǒng)。 自動噴水滅火系統(tǒng)的系統(tǒng)選擇按噴頭的開閉形式，自噴系統(tǒng)分為閉式自動噴水滅火系統(tǒng)和開式自動噴水滅火系統(tǒng)（又稱雨淋系統(tǒng)） 。 系統(tǒng)管網(wǎng)設(shè)置 設(shè)計技術(shù)數(shù)據(jù)《自動滅火系統(tǒng)設(shè)計規(guī)范》規(guī)定了各危險等級建筑物的基本設(shè)計參數(shù)，具體見下表 民用建筑和工業(yè)廠房的系統(tǒng)設(shè)計參數(shù) 火災(zāi)危險等級 凈空高度（m）噴水強度（）2 管道的布置 1）配水管道的工作壓力不應(yīng)大于 ，并不應(yīng)設(shè)置其他用水設(shè)施。5）管道的直徑應(yīng)經(jīng)水力計算確定。in10）干式系統(tǒng)、預(yù)作用系統(tǒng)的供氣管道，采用鋼管時，管徑不宜小于15mm，采用鋼管時，管徑不宜小于 10mm。2）按二級負荷供電的建筑，宜采用柴油機泵作備用泵。2）當(dāng)水泵結(jié)合器的供水能力不能滿足最不利點處作用面積的流量和壓力要求時，應(yīng)采取增壓措施。4）建筑物內(nèi)設(shè)置中庭時 ，其防火分區(qū)面積應(yīng)按上下層相連通的面積疊加計算；當(dāng)超過一個防火分區(qū)最大允許建筑面積時，應(yīng)符合下列規(guī)定：；、通道等處應(yīng)設(shè)置甲級防火門或防火卷簾；防火門或防火卷簾應(yīng)能在火災(zāi)時自