【正文】 county and two citizens from each town. It later developed into the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Its main role was to offer advice. There were no elections or parties. And the most important part of Parliament was the House of Lords. 大議會是當(dāng)今英國議會的原型。39。 戰(zhàn)爭的結(jié)果：把英國人趕出法國對兩個國家都是幸事：若國車人繼續(xù)留在法國，那么法國人在領(lǐng)土和財富上所占的優(yōu)勢必然會阻礙分離的英國民族的發(fā)展；而法國民族被外國勢力占 領(lǐng)了眾多的領(lǐng)土，發(fā)展更是長期受阻。地主想把耕地變?yōu)槿肆π枨筝^ 少的牧場。 盡管起義被血腥鎮(zhèn)壓，但在英國歷史上留下了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。 and Henry needed money. 最重要的是，亨利八世負(fù)責(zé)進(jìn)行教會的宗教改革。 1535年他獲 “ 英格蘭教會最高首腦 ”之稱號。39。 IV. The English Renaissance 英國文藝復(fù)興 Distinctive features of the English Renaissance 英國文藝復(fù)興的特點(diǎn) 1) English culture was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classics。這是議會和國王間的沖突，也是城市中產(chǎn)階級的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益與皇室傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)利益之間的沖突。s son to return from his exile in France as king Charles II. It was called the Restoration. 1658 年奧利弗克倫威爾去世，他的兒子理查德繼任護(hù)國公，政權(quán)立即開始瓦解。 1688年11 月 15日威廉在托爾比登陸并占領(lǐng)倫敦。但是 1688的英國已不象 40年前那樣能容忍天主教徒當(dāng)國王了。s generals Gee Monck, occupied London and arranged for new parliamentary elections. The Parliament thus was elected in 1660 resolved the crisis by asking the late King39。最后查爾斯被處死。 近 30 年的時間，伊莉莎白成功地令兩大天主教強(qiáng)國法國和西 班牙互相斗殺，從而免于英國卷入任何主要的歐洲國的沖突。39。他解散了所有英國的修道院和修女院，因?yàn)楹笳邔袒时葘τ鴩醺艺\。 II. The English Reformation 英國的宗教改革 Henry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform of the church. There were three main causes: a desire for change and reform in the church had been growing for many years and now, encouraged by the success of Martin Luther, many people believed its time had e。大多數(shù)起義農(nóng)民解散回家，但泰勒和其他堅決的農(nóng)民留下來要求得到更多的法律、宗教和政治權(quán)利。 黑死病對經(jīng)濟(jì)造成的后果更為深遠(yuǎn)。弗蘭德斯地區(qū)生產(chǎn)棉布的城鎮(zhèn)是英國羊毛的主要進(jìn)口商，但這些城鎮(zhèn)在政治上卻效忠法國國王。39。盡管人們普遍認(rèn)為《大憲章》為英國的自由奠定了基礎(chǔ)，但該憲章只是規(guī)定國王和貴族之間封建關(guān)系和法律關(guān)系的文件，保證了教會的自由，限制了國王權(quán)利。在他統(tǒng)治時期，逐漸建立起超越地方領(lǐng)主法律的普遍法。 The ways Henry II reform the courts and the law. 亨利二世對法院及法律進(jìn)行改革的方式。 ⑥ 在封建等級底層的是農(nóng)奴。39。 3． The English is a mixture of nationalities of different origins. The ancestors of many English people were the ancient Angles and Saxons. Some English people are of the NormanFrench origin. 英國是一個集不同民族于一體的國家。公元 1066 年 10 月，在哈斯丁斯附近的激烈交鋒中， 威廉打敗了哈羅德軍隊，同時哈羅德也在此戰(zhàn)爭中戰(zhàn)死。 他因?yàn)榻⒘藦?qiáng)大艦隊，而以 “ 英國海軍之父 ” 聞名于世。 IV． Viking and Danish invasions 北歐海盜和丹麥人的入侵 1． The invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century. They became a serious problem in the 9th century, especially between 835 and 878. They even managed to capture York, an important center of Christianity in 867. By the middle of 9th century, the Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex. 入侵者是挪威人和丹麥人，從 8 世紀(jì)末開始，他們不斷襲擊英格蘭的各個地方。在使國王和貴族皈依基督教方面，奧古斯丁特別成功。后來從德國北部來的使用短劍的撒克遜人在埃撒克斯、蘇塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王國，統(tǒng)治期 從五世紀(jì)末至六世紀(jì)初。但是由于這個簡要是我自己歸納而成，有些地方可能還存在一些缺陷，還望廣大朋友能夠諒解。羅馬人還把基督教這門新宗教帶到不列顛。 The second wave were the Brythonscame about 400 BC. 第二次高潮是約公元前 400年布立吞（不列顛）人的抵達(dá)。在那里會舉行威爾士詩歌、音樂、唱歌和藝術(shù)比賽。 difference in character 個性差別： The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people. They are music lovers and are proud of their past. 威爾士人感情豐富，情緒 高漲，熱愛音樂，為過去感到自豪。 環(huán)繞四周的海水。面積為 396平方公里。 north and west of Britain are mainly highlands。 (3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威爾士位于大不列顛的西部。 British Isles are made up of two large islandsGreat Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones. 不列顛群島由兩個大島 — 大不列顛島（較大的一個）和愛爾蘭島，及成千上萬個小島組成。 (2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north。 Commonwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991. 英聯(lián)邦是 曾為英國殖民地的、但現(xiàn)已獨(dú)立國家所構(gòu)成的自由聯(lián)合體。 Severn River is the longest river in Britain (338km). 塞文河是英國最長的河流。 IV. Climate 氣候 1. Britain39。 降雨量： Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The average annual rainfall in Britain is over 1,000mm. There is a water surplus in the north and west, and a water deficit in the south and east. 英國全年降雨量穩(wěn)定，平均降雨量超過 1000 毫米。 difference in speech between southern England and northern England: 英格蘭南方人和北方人語言上的差別： Southerners speak the type of English close to BBC English。 第二章 英國的起源 The Origins of a Nation Chapter 2： The Origins of a Nation (5000BC1066) 英國的起源（公元前 5000 年 — 1066 年） Settlers （ 5000BC55BC）早期的居民（公元前 5000 年 — 公元前 55 年） 1． The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians. 人們所知的英國最早居民是伊比利來人。公元前 55 年和 54年，羅馬將軍朱略斯 ?凱撒兩次入侵英國，均未成功。其次，在四世紀(jì)對羅馬人和不列顛人通婚。在這一部分里，主要是介紹了英國從公元 446 年到1066 年所發(fā)生的重要事件及人物。 2． The early AngloSaxons converted to Christianity. 最早的盎格魯 — 撒克遜人改信基督教。 The AngloSaxons laid the foundations of the English state. Firstly, they divided the country into shires, with shire courts and shire reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law. Secondly, they devised the narrowstrip, threefield farming system which continued to the 18th century. Thirdly, they also established the manorial system. Finally, they created the Witan（ council or meeting of the wisemen） to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today. 盎格魯 — 撒克遜人為英國國家的形成打下了基礎(chǔ)。到 9 世紀(jì)中葉，北歐海盜和丹麥人威脅到撒克遜人的威撒克斯王國的安全。同時他還建立了學(xué)校，并且闡明了法律制度。征服者威廉幾乎沒收了所有土地，將其 分發(fā)給他的諾曼追隨者。 第三章 英國的形成 The Shaping of the Nation Chapter 3： The Shaping of the Nation (10661381) 英國的形成（公元 10661381） I. Norman Rule (10661381) 諾曼統(tǒng)治（公元 10661381） 1. William39。s tenantsinchief, parceled out land to the lesser nobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services. ⑥At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs. ⑦One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance， not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king. ① 在威廉統(tǒng)治下，英國的封建制度得到完全確立。 Henry II took some measures to consolidate the monarchy. He forced the