【正文】 ? 選題 ：根據(jù)個(gè)人的研究目的和需要，可大可??；也會(huì)隨著檢索的過程而略微變動(dòng)； ? 檢索 ：要能覆蓋主題相關(guān)的所有文獻(xiàn)，包括最新的研究進(jìn)展； ? 閱讀 ： 應(yīng)重點(diǎn)閱讀和引用 代表性、可靠性和科學(xué)性較 好 的文獻(xiàn)； ? 思考 ： o 總結(jié) ： 要對文獻(xiàn)資料進(jìn)行綜合分析、歸納整理，使材料更精練明確、更有邏輯層次； o 整合 ：要對綜合整理后的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行比較專門的、全面的、深入的、系統(tǒng)的論述；比如看出趨勢； o 評價(jià) ：要盡量做到無偏； o 推進(jìn) ：指出現(xiàn)在的問題以及將來可能的研究方向； ? 寫作 （其實(shí)是對應(yīng)于前面所走過的這幾個(gè)流程的敘述，注意 術(shù)語 的使用） 1. 前言部分 ：主要是說明寫作的目的，介紹有關(guān)的概念及定義以及綜述的范圍，扼要說明有關(guān)主題的現(xiàn)狀或爭論焦點(diǎn)，使讀者對全文要敘述的問題有一個(gè)初步的輪廓。 征得 Bruce 的同意之后援引了他講座的大綱， 藍(lán)色的字是我的感想 。（他說是左右大腦分工不同，這個(gè)有待商榷） ? Write in the RADMI sequence。 A good postdoctor thinks and acts like a faculty。 How to discover a wide range of topics: ? Scanning90%看標(biāo)題； 9%看 abstract； ? Scrambled IMRAD直接看 figure； ? Big nono: print papers out。 accordingly, the space limitations on the papers are severe, and the prose is usually highly pressed. In both journals, there are no discrete sections, except for a short abstract and a reference list. In Science, the abstract is selfcontained。 side issues and fine points are given equal air time with the main logical thread, and the reader loses this thread. In better writing, these side issues are relegated to Figure legends or Materials and Methods or clearly identified as side issues, so as not to distract the reader. Another major difficulty arises when the reader seeks to understand just what the experiment was. All too often, authors refer back to previous papers。 use this parison to devise a hypothesis for the function of the gene product。t formulate hypotheses about how a system works, or what its interconnections are, until we know what is there. Typical descriptive approaches in molecular biology are DNA sequencing and DNA microarray approaches. In biochemistry, one could regard xray crystallography as a descriptive endeavor. Comparative research often takes place when we are asking how general a finding is. Is it specific to my particular anism, or is it broadly applicable? A typical parative approach would be paring the sequence of a gene from one anism with that from the other anisms in which that gene is found. One example of this is the observation that the actin genes from humans and budding yeast are 89% identical and 96% similar. Analytical research generally takes place when we know enough to begin formulating hypotheses about how a system works, about how the parts are interconnected, and what the causal connections are. A typical analytical approach would be to devise two (or more) alternative hypotheses about how a system operates. These hypotheses would all be consistent with current knowledge about the system. Ideally, the approach would devise a set of experiments todistinguish among these hypotheses. A classic example is the MeselsonStahl experiment. Of course, many papers are a bination of these approaches. For instance, researchers might sequence a gene from their model anism。, since they have connotations that are generally not explicit. In many papers, not all the experimental data are shown, but referred to by (data not shown). This is often for reasons of space。 then it focuses more specifically on a particular aspect, usually describing a finding or set of findings that led directly to the work described in the paper. If the authors are testing a hypothesis, the source of that hypothesis is spelled out, findings are given with which it is consistent, and one or more predictions are given. In many papers, one or several major conclusions of the paper are presented at the end of this section, so that the reader knows the major answers to the questions just posed. Papers more descriptive or parative in nature may begin with an introduction to an area which interests the authors, or the need for a broader database. The next section of most papers is the Materials and Methods. In some journals this section is the last one. Its purpose is to describe the materials used in the experiments and the methods by which the experiments were carried out. In principle, this description should be detailed enough to allow other researchers to replicate the work. In practice, these descriptions are often highly pressed, and they often refer back to previous papers by the authors. The third section is usually Results. This section describes the experiments and the reasons they were done. Generally, the logic of the Results section follows directly from that of the Introduction. That is, the Introduction poses the questions addressed in the early part of Results. Beyond this point, the anization of Results differs from one paper to another. In some papers, the results are presented without extensive discussion, which is reserved for the following section. This is appropriate when the data in the early parts do not need to be interpreted extensively to understand why the later experiments were done. In other papers, results are given, and then they are interpreted, perhaps taken together with other findings not in the paper, so as to give the logical basis for later experiments. The fourth section is the Discussion. This section serves several purposes. First, the data in the paper are interpreted。 5. A persuasive salesman。 在博士 博士后 faculty 的路上，做的出色的中國人為什么越來越少？ 因?yàn)槿鄙偾罢靶运季S。什么東西都是日積月累的結(jié)果） ? Read the work of good writers. Writing the first draft ? Use simple English。 參考 ： ? wikipedia里的 Literature Review條目 ? How to Write a Literature Review (UCSC) ? Literature Reviews (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) ? Literature Review (Language Center, Asian Institute of Technology). Includes discussion about mon traps and vicious circle. ? The Literature Review: A Few Tips On Conducting It (University of Toronto) ? The literature review (Deakin) ? review of literature (UWMadison) ? The Literature Review (Central Queensland) ? How to do a Literature Review (North Carolina Aamp。其實(shí)就是“ 爬到巨人的肩膀上 ” 的過程，然后才能站在上面