【正文】 pare its sequence to homologous genes from other anisms。 the practice is accepted when the authors have documented their petence to do the experiments properly (usually in previous papers). Two other codewords are unpublished data and preliminary data. The former can either mean that the data are not of publishable quality or that the work is part of a larger story that will one day be published. The latter means different things to different people, but one connotation is that the experiment was done only once. Back to outline 3. Difficulties in reading a paper Several difficulties confront the reader, particularly one who is not familiar with the field. As discussed above, it may be necessary to bring yourself up to speed before beginning a paper, no matter how well written it is. Be aware, however, that although some problems may lie in the reader, many are the fault of the writer. One major problem is that many papers are poorly written. Some scientists are poor writers. Many others do not enjoy writing, and do not take the time or effort to ensure that the prose is clear and logical. Also, the author is typically so familiar with the material that it is difficult to step back and see it from the point of view of a reader not familiar with the topic and for whom the paper is just another of a large stack of papers that need to be read. Bad writing has several consequences for the reader. First, the logical connections are often left out. Instead of saying why an experiment was done, or what ideas were being tested, the experiment is simply described. Second, papers are often cluttered with a great deal of jargon. Third, the authors often do not provide a clear roadmap through the paper。 that is, they are analyzed to show what the authors believe the data show. Any limitations to the interpretations should be acknowledged, and fact should clearly be separated from speculation. Second, the findings of the paper are related to other findings in the field. This serves to show how the findings contribute to knowledge, or correct the errors of previous work. As stated, some of these logical arguments are often found in the Results when it is necessary to clarify why later experiments were carried out. Although you might argue that in this case the discussion material should be presented in the Introduction, more often you cannot grasp its significance until the first part of Results is given. Finally, papers usually have a short Acknowledgements section, in which various contributions of other workers are recognized, followed by a Reference list giving references to papers and other works cited in the text. Papers also contain several Figures and Tables. These contain data described in the paper. The figures and tables also have legends, whose purpose is to give details of the particular experiment or experiments shown there. Typically, if a procedure is used only once in a paper, these details are described in Materials and Methods, and the Figure or Table legend refers back to that description. If a procedure is used repeatedly, however, a general description is given in Materials and Methods, and the details for a particular experiment are given in the Table or Figure legend. Variations on the anization of a paper In most scientific journals, the above format is followed. Occasionally, the Results and Discussion are bined, in cases in which the data need extensive discussion to allow the reader to follow the train of logic developed in the course of the research. As stated, in some journals, Materials and Methods follows the Discussion. In certain older papers, the Summary was given at the end of the paper. The formats for two widelyread journals, Science and Nature, differ markedly from the above outline. These journals reach a wide audience, and many authors wish to publish in them。 Beyond the question of munication: Reading ,writing and presentation are part of the THINKING process. 一個人真正喜歡的東西可能就是他成天在 gossip 的東西。 A good doctor thinks and acts like a postdoctor。（這是 ZTD 的思想，源頭是禪宗 The simplest,the best；因為目的是溝通，語言只是載體） ? When you write,do not edit。T State library) ? 文獻綜述的撰寫方法 . 覺得每回答一個問題（生活中的或者科學上的）的檢索過程都像是在做一次文獻綜述， 需要確定關鍵詞 檢索 提煉 .....從很多次的經(jīng)驗來看，以前需要檢索 google然后逐步篩選檢 索結果的過程可以省略為直接檢索 wikipedia就 好了，因為 wikipedia的編輯過程其實就等于是利用 “ 大眾的智慧 ” 來做過整件事情了，越來越被 ！ 聽講座《 Writing Scientific Paper in English》 Tags: 論文寫作 英語 . 上周五在陳艾師姐的推薦下聽了 Dr Iain C. Bruce 的講座 Writing Scientific Paper in English，聽了之后覺得相當不錯，而且在一些地方還蠻有啟發(fā)的。 最近準備做一個文獻綜述，是對自己很好的一個鍛煉。 轉引造成的以訛傳訛不勝枚舉。 看過總會遺忘。論文作者從其工作中所發(fā)現(xiàn)的感興趣的地方，未必是你感興趣的，反之亦然。不可能完整地閱讀所有的論文。雖然國際上也有對于 某些重要課題一哄而起的情況，但在我國似乎特別嚴重。從研究生時代開始，在導師 教導下，以周圍同學為榜樣，我就養(yǎng)成了每周必定去圖書館瀏覽最 新期刊的習慣，幾十年如一日，雷打不動。 之二： 對于初次進入一個領域的新手，必須閱讀大量的文獻，才能把握本領域的動態(tài)和方向。 5。到寫作文章時，都是現(xiàn)成的材料。有了一定的知識基礎以后，對于繁雜的文獻，要有個人的判斷。之所以不必在意 3 年以前的，是因為知識 更新 非?？?，且網(wǎng)上能查到的多為近幾年的全文。學習別人是怎么發(fā)現(xiàn)解決問題的。追蹤某個專題、某個專家的研究進展，比較對于同一 專題的論點的發(fā)展，掌握其新的方法或新結論，或注意作者觀點的改變，探究其原因?，F(xiàn)在有了電腦，但是寫文 獻綜述是一個完善知識結構的好方法。天天學習 。 記 得一個留洋的研究生說，起初導師讓他讀大量的文獻，而且每天都規(guī)定了數(shù)量，好像是 100 篇吧？由于剛剛接觸這一領域，對許多 問題還沒有什么概念，讀起來十 分吃力，許多內(nèi)容也讀不懂。如果確實有事，下周必定補上。缺乏自己的創(chuàng)新思想而片面一哄而起追求熱點，是一條必然失敗的路線，最多只能是為別人成果錦上添花， 或做一些小修小補的工作而已。 閱讀論文可分為三個階段： 第 一階段是看論文中是否有感興趣的東西。 最 后，如果覺得該論文確實有價值，返回去通篇精讀?？?文獻的時間越分散，浪費時間越多。 。下面是自己看了相關文章之后的簡單總結（也算是一個小的 “ 文獻綜述 ” 哈）： 定義 ： A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge on a particular topic. 功能 ： Most often associated with scienceoriented literature, such as a thesis, the literature review usually precedes a research proposal, methodology and results section. Its ultimate goal is to bring the reader up to date with current literature on a topic and forms the basis for another goal, such as the justification for future research in the area. 流程 ：