【正文】 導(dǎo)致失去質(zhì)量的產(chǎn)品由于誘導(dǎo)殘余應(yīng)力在加工過(guò)程中。 4. Parts without producing buns or inducing residual stresses. 4。2. Chemical energy, 2。主要的吸引力比傳統(tǒng)的電火花加工過(guò)程 ,如金屬切削使用不同的工具和磨削是這種技術(shù)利用熱電過(guò)程侵蝕無(wú)用的材料工件的一系列迅速反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的離散 電火花工件和電極之間。當(dāng)潛在的區(qū)別和工件的電極是足夠高 ,電介質(zhì)分解和瞬時(shí)放電通過(guò)電介質(zhì) ,消除少量的材料從工件表面。 An engineering drawing must be properly dimensioned in order to convey the designer39。偏離實(shí)際的表面分為四組 ,使評(píng)估、處 方和檢查錯(cuò)誤的允許生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中 : 1. Dimensional deviations。位置偏差 。校長(zhǎng)因子用于設(shè)置一個(gè)容忍一個(gè)維度應(yīng)該函數(shù)的特性被控制的維度。 Allowance. The difference between the largest allowable shaft size and the smallest hole diameter is termed as the allowance. [3] The quality of the fit is characterized by the allowance value. 津貼。這是一個(gè)精確的理論大小的部分限制尺寸計(jì)算。 Deviations. The upper and lower deviations obtained by subtracting basic size from limit size. For example, a hole dimensioned as , thus upper deviation is + and lower deviation is . 偏差。一個(gè)雙邊公差是一個(gè)寬容的變化是不被允許在兩個(gè)方向上從一個(gè)指定的尺寸。例子是 2。這是一個(gè)適合啟用一個(gè)間隙孔和軸的耦合。 [11 生產(chǎn)設(shè)備通常 workholders 與 /沒(méi)有工具指導(dǎo) /設(shè)置安排這些被稱(chēng)為工裝夾具。 Advantages of Jigs and Fixtures 工裝夾具的優(yōu)點(diǎn) Productivity. Jigs and fixtures eliminate individual marking, positioning and frequent checking, which reduces operation time and increase productivity. 生產(chǎn)力。 There is no need for skillful setting of the workpiece of tool. Any average person can be trained to use jigs and fixtures, the replacement of a skilled workman with unskilled labor can effect substantial saving in labor cost. 不需要熟練的設(shè)置的 工件的工具。這可以通過(guò)六個(gè)在身體的案例顯示在圖 8 1,這被稱(chēng)為六點(diǎn)定位原理。如果超過(guò) 6點(diǎn)藝術(shù)使用 ,附加分將盈余和不必要的 ,因此會(huì)是多余的約束。 YY 或者工業(yè)區(qū) ,所以它有 6 個(gè)自由度的旋轉(zhuǎn)和六個(gè)自由翻譯 [2]。工裝夾具定位和夾緊的簡(jiǎn)化工件。他們直接工具 c 站立位的 工件。這是一個(gè)符合 (取決于實(shí)際大小的孔、軸 )兩個(gè)間隙和干擾可能發(fā)生耦合。 Fit is the general range of tightness resulting from the application of a specific bination of allowance and tolerances in the design of mating parts. 配合是一般的一系列緊張?jiān)斐傻奶囟ńM合的應(yīng)用的津貼和公差設(shè)計(jì)的配件。 For this expression. the dimension of the part would be permitted to vary between and for a total tolerance of . 單方面的公差。 Tolerances can be expressed in either of two ways. 公差可表示成兩種方式中的任何一個(gè)。實(shí)際大小。 Nominal size (basic size). It is the designation used for general identification and usually expressed in mon fractions. It is an exact theoretical size of a part from which limit dimensions are puted. The nominal size of a part should be selected from the preferred dimension series indicated by the national standard. (4J (shown in ) 公稱(chēng)尺寸 (基本的大小 )。 Size. The size of an object or its mate is (mown as nominal, basic, or design size. 大小。所需的精確度上給定的部分是然后給出的尺寸公差 ,按照?qǐng)D紙。 3. Position deviations。日常生產(chǎn)過(guò)程不允許維護(hù) (或測(cè)量 )給定的幾何屬性以絕對(duì)的精度。隨著準(zhǔn)確性或更少的變異在尺寸、勞動(dòng)和機(jī)械需要制造一個(gè)部分是更多的成本密集型。這個(gè)高電壓產(chǎn)生電場(chǎng)在絕緣介質(zhì)中存在的差距和工件之間的狹窄電極。 Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) 電火花加工 (EDM) Electrical discharge machining (EDM) sometimes is colloquially referred to as spark machining, spark eroding, burning, die sinking or wire erosion. It is one of the most widely used nontraditional machining processes. The main attraction of EDM over traditional machining processes such as metal cutting using different tools and grinding is that this technique utilizes thermoelectric process to erode undesired materials from the workpiece by a series of rapidly recurring discrete electrical sparks between workpiece and electrode. [2] 電火花加工 (EDM)有時(shí)是通俗地稱(chēng)為電火花加工、電火花侵蝕 ,燃燒 ,開(kāi)?；蜾摻z侵蝕。 1。 3。使用傳統(tǒng)方法來(lái)機(jī)這樣的材料意味著需求增加的時(shí)間和精力 ,因此增加的成本 。在其它車(chē)削加工時(shí)，依靠光杠來(lái)驅(qū)動(dòng)拖板。sw?v?l] 小刀架安裝在橫拖板上，它可以在水平面內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)或夾緊在任意角度位置。拖板的功能帶動(dòng)刀具縱向移動(dòng)，這個(gè)可以通過(guò)手動(dòng)或者自動(dòng)完成。床身上的導(dǎo)軌可以引導(dǎo)和對(duì)準(zhǔn)拖板和尾座，使它們可以從車(chē)床的一端移動(dòng)到另一端。但二者也存在一些不同之處。h230。車(chē)削速度必須由所加工表面的最大直徑來(lái)決定。當(dāng)將刀具沿工件的回轉(zhuǎn)軸線平行進(jìn)給時(shí)，鏜削實(shí)際上就是車(chē)內(nèi)圓。車(chē)削可以加工外面和內(nèi)表面以形成具有軸對(duì)稱(chēng)的成形工件。當(dāng)對(duì)零件的尺寸公差和光潔度要求較高時(shí)，機(jī)械加工是很有必要的。與成型加工、鍛壓和鑄造工藝相比，大多數(shù)機(jī)械加工的生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備成本都較低，然而如果是大批量生產(chǎn)，其成本要高得多。在車(chē)削過(guò)程中，工件繞其軸線回轉(zhuǎn)，單刃車(chē)刀沿工件進(jìn)給，切除掉多余的材料，最后形成要求的圓柱形表面。鏜出的孔可以是直孔、錐孔或者不規(guī)則輪廓。除非工件固定在心軸上，如果工件兩端都要車(chē)端面，必須將一端加工完成后，將工件調(diào)頭，重復(fù)進(jìn)行車(chē)端面加工。?uv?39。 Threading. Threading can be considered as turning since the path to be travelled by the cutting tool is helical. However, there are some major differences between turning and threading. While in turning, the interest is in generating a smooth cylindrical surface, in threading the interest is in cutting a helical thread of a given form and depth which can be calculated from the formulae. 譯文 : 車(chē)螺紋可以看作是車(chē)削，只是車(chē)刀所形成的加工軌跡是螺旋線。床身的尺寸和質(zhì)量要使車(chē)床具有足夠的剛性以保證制造過(guò)程中獲得所需的工程公差。 Carriage assembly is actually an Hshaped block that sits across the guideways and in front of lathe bed. The function of the carriage is to carry and move the cutting tool longitudinally. It can be moved by hand or by power and can be clamped into position with a locking nut. The carriage is posed of the cross slide, pound rest, tool saddle, and apron. 拖板組件實(shí)際上是一個(gè) H 形的鑄件，位于床身的前端并橫跨在導(dǎo)軌上。 ? The pound rest is mounted on the cross slide and can be swiveled and clamped at any angle in a horizontal plane. The pound is typically used for cutting chamfers or tapers, but must also be used when cutting thread. The pound rest can only be fed by hand. There is no power to pound rest. The cutting tool and tool holder are secured in the tool post which is mounted directly to the pound rest. ? swivel [39。當(dāng)切制螺紋時(shí)，動(dòng)力通過(guò)絲杠傳遞到溜板箱中的變速齒輪箱。 in some cases traditional machining may not be feasible. Traditional machining also results in tool wear and loss of quality in the product owing to induced residual stresses during machining. 極高的硬度、脆性材料電弧很難通過(guò)傳統(tǒng)加工過(guò)程的加工。當(dāng)工件太靈活或苗條 , 3. When the shape of the part is too plex。三種主要形式的能量 used in nontraditional machining processes are as follows: 用于非傳統(tǒng)加工過(guò)程如下 : 1. Thermal energy。常見(jiàn)的非傳統(tǒng)加工過(guò)程是下一節(jié)描述。 1,開(kāi)始時(shí) ,一個(gè)高壓電火花加工操作是應(yīng)用在狹窄的電極之間的差距和工件。a manufactured part with the least expense. 具有互換性的零件需要一個(gè)高精確度來(lái)組裝在一起。這是必要的 ,尺寸、形狀和表面的相互位置的各個(gè)部分都保持在一定的精度 ,達(dá)到他們的正確和可靠的功能。形狀的偏差 。這是很充足的 ,實(shí)際的維度的部分是發(fā)現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)限制維度和一個(gè)容許偏差保持與生產(chǎn) ,確保正確運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的工程產(chǎn)品。這些定義可能是一般分為大小有關(guān) ,津貼 ,或配合。 To specify the size of an object, we dimension it with a nominal size, basic size, and actual size shown in . 指定一個(gè)物體的大小 ,我們尺寸用公稱(chēng)尺寸、基本大小和實(shí)際大小顯示在圖 7 1。我 b。這是一個(gè)最小間隙 (積