【正文】 ing constructive ideas, such as building another world trade center in the north。更準(zhǔn)確說，我們可以認(rèn)為它是一種潛在地達(dá)到多種目的的手段。他們可能會(huì)因?yàn)閰⑴c“現(xiàn)代化”和“提高效率”的工作而獲得尊重。我們會(huì)想，在雙方之間建立更多的信任也許會(huì)是更好的選擇，這樣，合同文件就會(huì)簡(jiǎn)短得多（甚至可能根本不需要合同），并且會(huì)大大減少監(jiān)督費(fèi)用。 改善政府表現(xiàn)的其他途徑包括政治改革（例如選舉制度或立法程序的改變）以及關(guān)鍵政策的根本性改變（例如新的宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)管理政策，勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)改革，或社會(huì)政策的根本性的改變）。政治注意力的焦點(diǎn)從一個(gè)事項(xiàng)到另一個(gè)事項(xiàng)的變化周期要比復(fù)雜的組織變化能夠完成的目標(biāo)快得多。權(quán)力下放標(biāo)志著地方民主的回歸，而地方政府代表很快也扮演這種角色。80年代以及貝利亞政府的改革在這方面是一致的。研究這兩個(gè)國(guó)家的系統(tǒng)特別相關(guān)，因?yàn)槭褂盟綘I(yíng)管理的要求就在它們的傳統(tǒng)中。社區(qū)體現(xiàn)為一定的空間,結(jié)構(gòu)和現(xiàn)在，但它又超越了地點(diǎn),并且不可能被僅僅局限于某種結(jié)構(gòu)或歷史。只要是有人類存在的地方，我們就會(huì)自發(fā)地尋找并形成社區(qū)。最初,一個(gè)自稱為“路上的人們”的小組是一個(gè)很小的協(xié)會(huì),這個(gè)協(xié)會(huì)的成員共享一切,在耶路撒冷的圣殿或彼此的家里祭拜上帝. 現(xiàn)在的基督教會(huì)在結(jié)構(gòu)和管理上以及祭拜的方式和語言上 ，與那些原始的社區(qū)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不同。許多成立的好社區(qū)豐富了人類存在的形式和結(jié)構(gòu)。Industry (including construction) was the key engine of economic growth, with value added accelerating to % in 2002 from % in 2001. electronic equipment, transportation equipment, and chemical products all did well. A surge in FDI and export growth resulted in the value added of the foreignfunded enterprises increasing by %. supported mainly by growth in transportation, telemunications, and real estate, the services sector expanded by % in 2002 (though because of weaknesses in the statistical system, growth in this sector is probably underestimated). Despite a spring drought, agriculture sector performance improved slightly pared with the previous 2 years, Grain output, which dropped by % in 2001, rose by 1%.工業(yè)（包含建設(shè)）是經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的重要龍頭，%%?？缭礁餍袠I(yè)之間，房地產(chǎn)業(yè)的投資尤其強(qiáng)勁，%的增長(zhǎng)，因?yàn)樽》扛母锖透嗟淖》康盅嘿J款帶動(dòng)資產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)的上揚(yáng)。As economic restructuring continued, employment in the stateowned sector an urban collectives continued decreasing. The number of employees in the stateowned sector fell by million in 2001 and by the end of 2002 had fallen by a further million. Excluding smaller private and informal sector activities, employment in the nonstateowned sector increased by 3 million in 2002. Based on official statistics, which underestimate the problem, the urban registered unemployment rate rose from % in 2001 to 4% in 2002. If workers at stateowned enterprises (SOEs) who had not been reemployed were included, the adjusted unemployment rate would have been more than 7%. The development of an urban social safety net and reform of social security are needed to ameliorate the social costs of the economic reform ，國(guó)有制部門和城市集體制部門的就業(yè)繼續(xù)下降。2002年。 Developments政策發(fā)展Fiscal policy has played a key role in stimulating the PRC’s economic growth over the past 5 years. Then Ministry of Finance estimated that four consecutive fiscal stimulus packages contributed , 2, , and percentage points to GDP growth in the years 19982001, respectively. The Government issued CNY150 billion in special bonds to finance the public deficit in 2002. these bonds were mainly used to finance public sector projects under construction, development projects in the western region, technological upgrading of key enterprises, projects to divert to divert water from the south to the north, and rural 。城市居民收入的高速增長(zhǎng)引發(fā)了對(duì)私人汽車、電信產(chǎn)品、住房的購(gòu)買高潮。A surge in fixed, asset investment, which grew by %, stimulated domestic demand. Private investment rose by % in the year, faster than in 2001. Across sectors, investment in real estate was particularly strong, registering a % increase in 2002, as housing reforms and more housing mortgage loans led to buoyant property market. Supported by the Government’s western region development strategy, investment in that region grew by , faster than in the central (20%) and eastern () %，刺激了國(guó)內(nèi)需求。比預(yù)計(jì)的數(shù)字快是由于出口表現(xiàn)好于預(yù)期，外國(guó)直接投資（FDI）的涌入，以及活躍的國(guó)內(nèi)需求。There is not just one model of munity or one munity ideal. Each munity is a unique blending of the people of which it is posed. The many good munities that e into being add to the shape and texture of human existence. The more munities that develop, therefore, the more opportunities for us to explore alternative ways of being in the world, and different ways of achieving richness of character. 社區(qū)并非只有一個(gè)模式，也不存在某一理想的社區(qū)模式。公元前597年,當(dāng)以色列人的國(guó)家被摧毀，并且大多數(shù)人被放逐到巴比倫時(shí),他們喪失了他們的土地，但他們未曾喪失自己以及他們的社區(qū)。 在最基本的定義里，社區(qū)是社會(huì)交際的舞臺(tái)，,也可以是包括家庭、學(xué)校和商店的有自己名稱的居民區(qū). 諸如地方教會(huì)、居民區(qū)以及種族或市民協(xié)會(huì)的這樣一個(gè)社區(qū),把社區(qū)作為某居民區(qū)或協(xié)會(huì)來談?wù)撌沁m當(dāng)?shù)?因?yàn)樗鼈冇泄潭ńY(jié)構(gòu)和永久性,在時(shí)空中具體存在.Transcendent Community社區(qū)的超越性Although a munity can be found in a locality or be embodied by a structural form, munity is never simple a static physical location that we inhabit, as social ecologists assert。 it cannot confined by structure or mere history. 當(dāng)我們談?wù)撋鐓^(qū)時(shí)，我們同時(shí)談?wù)搩蓚€(gè)方面。但是，它大大的增加了使用市場(chǎng)力量的義務(wù)。 在法國(guó)及西班牙，權(quán)力下放意味著對(duì)地方政府的賦權(quán)并給予更大的自由。地方管理的現(xiàn)代化不一定經(jīng)常依照一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的、全球的計(jì)劃；很多時(shí)候，反而是對(duì)地方稅收的不穩(wěn)定狀況以及人們對(duì)地方服務(wù)需求的增加的回應(yīng)。但這卻不是最高層的政治家樂意接受的時(shí)間表。說得更準(zhǔn)確點(diǎn)，對(duì)公共管理改革本質(zhì)的任何描述都需要考慮到政府的表現(xiàn)可以通過很多途徑得到改善，并考慮到管理改革經(jīng)常與其他政策方案聯(lián)系在一起。比如，某個(gè)地方機(jī)關(guān)一項(xiàng)為老人和殘廢人提供“家庭幫助”（家庭照顧）的計(jì)劃按照準(zhǔn)市場(chǎng)的原則進(jìn)行了重新修改，將購(gòu)買服務(wù)的當(dāng)局和提供服務(wù)的成員分離開來，我們可能認(rèn)為這是一項(xiàng)典型的“改革”。一個(gè)憤世嫉俗的人可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，在如今，由于地方、國(guó)家和國(guó)際限制等復(fù)雜的相互作用，單個(gè)政府獨(dú)立行動(dòng)的權(quán)力而日益受到質(zhì)疑，政府的部長(zhǎng)們通常所能做的事情——以充滿活力的面貌出現(xiàn)僅需極小的直接代價(jià)——就是在他們自己的統(tǒng)治機(jī)器內(nèi)部宣布改革。他說“城市規(guī)劃的公開程序會(huì)使極大促進(jìn)規(guī)劃工作，因?yàn)闆Q策要經(jīng)過專家的審核、市民的建議和輿論的監(jiān)督”Shan Qixiang, director of the Beijing Municipal City Planning Committee, said the opinions of the both experts and the masses will be pooled together before a decision on any important plans for urban construction are reached. 單啟祥，北京市城市規(guī)劃委員會(huì)主任說在任何重要城市建設(shè)計(jì)劃做出之前所有專家和群眾的意見都將會(huì)被集中起來。“我們沒有想到有這么多市民對(duì)城市建設(shè)規(guī)劃感興趣。最后，在線事務(wù)處理使用戶能夠咨詢具體事務(wù)，在線下載表格和申請(qǐng)。它為市民提供政府信息傳播服務(wù)平臺(tái)。更重要的是，這個(gè)實(shí)踐將提高政府的透明度，降低行政費(fèi)用，提高工作效率并更利于數(shù)字政府和誠(chéng)信政府的建設(shè)。在沈陽、上海和福州都建了類似的超市。 granting licenses to small restaurants。另外，監(jiān)督和反饋程序已經(jīng)被采用。 “Supermarket of administrative Affairs政務(wù)超市Five years ago, Huang Songji, a laidoff female employee in Nanjing, invesred 50000 yuan to set up a kindergarten. However, she was soon asked to close down, as she failed to follow relevant procedures. She sought assistance at the Supermarket of Administrative Affairs, and with guidance by the staff, Huang quickly obtained all necessary procedures. 五年前，黃松基，南京一名下崗女工，投資5 萬元辦了一個(gè)育兒園。The bulletin, which contains government regulations, administrative orders and decisions, is popularly known as a “redtitle document” and is a mystery to most people, because it only reached leaders above bureau level in the past. 包括政府規(guī)章、行政命令和決定的公文過去常稱為紅頭文件，對(duì)大多數(shù)人而言是神秘的，因?yàn)樗^去只發(fā)到局級(jí)以上干部