【正文】 in a supply chain, capturing and delivering the information necessary to make a good decision.信息技術(shù)（IT）包括了在整個(gè)供應(yīng)鏈中收集和分析信息的軟件與硬件設(shè)備。任何產(chǎn)品在生產(chǎn)之前，符合相關(guān)條件的各種供應(yīng)物必須到位。To identify package contents for receiving, order selection and shipment verification, etc., is the most obvious munication role of packaging. Typical information includes manufacturer, product, container type, count, and Universal Product Code (UPC) number.包裝最顯著的信息傳播作用就是收貨入庫(kù)時(shí)查驗(yàn)包內(nèi)貨物、分揀和每票貨物的查驗(yàn)。因此整個(gè)訂購(gòu)成本就越少。Cost allocation is one of the factors that affect pricing. The shipper’s perspective about it is important, though it is chiefly something that the carriers should pay attention to.成本分配是影響定價(jià)的諸多因素之一。也就是說(shuō)，公司銷(xiāo)售量的80%是由20%的產(chǎn)品實(shí)現(xiàn)的。Logistics is that part of the supply chain process that plans,implements and controls the efficient, effective flow and storage of goods, service and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption to meet customers’ requirements.
物流是供應(yīng)鏈的一部分，計(jì)劃、執(zhí)行和控制產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)及相關(guān)信息從原產(chǎn)地到消費(fèi)地的及時(shí)有效流動(dòng)和存儲(chǔ)以滿(mǎn)足客戶(hù)要求。根據(jù)消費(fèi)者挑選產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的三種不同方式以及從哪里購(gòu)買(mǎi)這些產(chǎn)品，消費(fèi)品可分為便利型產(chǎn)品，購(gòu)買(mǎi)型產(chǎn)品和特殊產(chǎn)品三種。在任何時(shí)候，產(chǎn)品都存在著8020曲線現(xiàn)象，這是物流計(jì)劃中非常有價(jià)值的概念。JIT service can help to reduce inventory cost.準(zhǔn)時(shí)制服務(wù)可以節(jié)省庫(kù)存開(kāi)銷(xiāo)。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，消費(fèi)性包裝主要為了盛裝商品，促進(jìn)商品銷(xiāo)售，方便顧客使用，而對(duì)物流運(yùn)作價(jià)值不大。然而供應(yīng)鏈管理概念的出現(xiàn)使許多管理人員從采購(gòu)所起到的戰(zhàn)略性作用中受到啟發(fā)。沒(méi)有信息，管理者就不知道顧客想要什么、有多少庫(kù)存及何時(shí)需要制造出更多產(chǎn)品并進(jìn)行運(yùn)輸。Supply chain management means the design, planning and control of the information flow, movements of goods and money with a view to strengthening petitiveness.供應(yīng)鏈管理指為了增強(qiáng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力而對(duì)信息流通、貨物移動(dòng)和貨幣的流通進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)、策劃和控制。隨著時(shí)間的推移，福特發(fā)現(xiàn)專(zhuān)業(yè)公司在開(kāi)展大部分的必要工作時(shí)做得和自己的企業(yè)一樣好，或者更出色。Then, when the shipping pany accepts your spacebooking, you will receive a Container Load Plan in due course.然后，如果船公司接受了訂艙，到時(shí)候你就會(huì)收到裝箱單。Supply chain management has great potentiality for further development but also has a long way to go before reaping a greater success.供應(yīng)鏈管理具有進(jìn)一步發(fā)展的巨大潛力，但也還要走很長(zhǎng)的路才能收獲更大的成功。You can now take the Bill of Lading together with all the documents required to the negotiating bank to exchange for money from the buyer.現(xiàn)在你就可以拿著提單連同信用證要求的所有單證去議付行換取買(mǎi)方的貨款。而福特的經(jīng)濟(jì)資源也轉(zhuǎn)到了發(fā)展和保持核心制造力上。Ford’s objective was control. To achieve this goal, he set out to develop the world’s first plex vertically integrated firm.福特的目標(biāo)就是要控制。這一點(diǎn)就是信息技術(shù)發(fā)揮作用的地方。Without effective purchasing practices, operations in a firm may be disrupted, customer service levels may fall, and longterm customer relationship may be damaged. Before any product can be manufactured, supplies meeting certain conditions must be available. Fortunately, progressive managers have recognized these potential contributions of purchasing and have taken the necessary steps to ensure results.缺乏富有成效的采購(gòu)，公司的運(yùn)作就會(huì)陷入混亂，客戶(hù)服務(wù)水平也會(huì)下降，長(zhǎng)期的客戶(hù)關(guān)系就會(huì)受損。The third important logistical packaging function is munication or information transfer.物流包裝的第三個(gè)重要的功能就是通訊或信息傳播。每次訂購(gòu)的量越大，每個(gè)訂購(gòu)計(jì)劃周期內(nèi)訂購(gòu)次數(shù)就越少。Rates are based primarily on three factors—distance, shipment size, and petition.費(fèi)率主要由三方面決定——運(yùn)輸距離、每票貨物的大小以及市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。The 80/20 concept is derived from the fact that the bulk of the sales are generated from relatively few products in the product line. This simply means 80 percent of a firm’s sales are generated by 20 percent of the product line items. An exact 8020 ratio is rarely observed, but the disproportionality between sales and the number of items is generally true.8020概念是說(shuō)銷(xiāo)售量中的大部分來(lái)自生產(chǎn)線上種類(lèi)相對(duì)少的產(chǎn)品?，F(xiàn)代物流包括但不限于下列方面：包裝，倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)，材料搬運(yùn)，存貨，運(yùn)輸，預(yù)測(cè)，戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃，客戶(hù)服務(wù)。Convenience products are those goods and services that consumers purchase frequently, immediately, and with little parative shopping.便利型產(chǎn)品是指消費(fèi)者需要經(jīng)常、及時(shí)購(gòu)買(mǎi)并且不十分需要比較差價(jià)的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)。課文內(nèi)容精講Unit 3TransportationTransportation is a vital ponent in the design and management of logistics systems. It may account for onethird to twothirds of total logistics costs. The choices available to the users typically include the five major transport modes (air, truck, rail, water, and pipe) and their binations. Users may hire the services or own the means of transportation.運(yùn)輸是物流系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)和管理的一個(gè)重要部分，可能占整個(gè)物流成本的1/3到2/3。課文內(nèi)容精講Unit 4Logistics StrategyInventory is viewed as playing a role in the valueadded process. This does not mean the more you have in the form of inventory, the richer you are.在增值過(guò)程中庫(kù)存被人們認(rèn)為起著重要作用，這并不意味著以庫(kù)存的形式存放的貨物越多，你就越富。但是工業(yè)性包裝卻對(duì)物流成本與物流生產(chǎn)力有很大的影響。Purchasing contributes to the firm’s efficiency and effectiveness in many ways. First, it helps to determine a firm’s cost structure.采購(gòu)的許多方面有利于提高公司的工作效率和工作效果?？偠灾?，沒(méi)有信息，管理者就只能盲目地做出決策。Ford Motor Company is a case in point. Henry Ford envisaged a totally selfsufficient industrial empire.福特汽車(chē)公司是一個(gè)很好的例子。事實(shí)上，這些專(zhuān)業(yè)公司常常在質(zhì)量和成本上勝過(guò)福特自己的公司。At the same time, the shipping pany will make out a stowage plan for the ship.與此同時(shí)，船公司將做出整艘船的積載圖。物流名詞總匯物流名詞總匯logistics 物流warehousing 倉(cāng)庫(kù)，倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)inventory 庫(kù)存procurement 獲取，獲得packaging 包裝coordination 協(xié)調(diào)strategic planning 戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃customer service 客戶(hù)服務(wù)materia