【正文】 h kilometers of railway in China carried billion tons of freight in the first six months of this year on average, double that in1978.Officials of the Railways Ministry said that the present structure can hardly meet the needs of the developing economy.The ministry is now concentrating on expanding the handling capacity of the existing railroads, while constructing or upgrading new lines.Among the 38 marshalling yards in China,28 have increased the number of trains they send out every day by 10 to 30 per cent. The yards sent out 38,000 trains every day last year, 15 per cent more than in the previous year.Since April, the number of passenger and freight trains has increased by 22 per cent and 20 per cent, respectively, pared to 1978. Now passenger trains are capable of transporting three million people a day.The project to add a doubletrack along the line between Hengyang in Hunan Province and Guangzhou is nearly plete. And the project of expanding the railway network in eastern China is going on smoothly. (Xinhua)Words and ExpressionsFreight /fret/ Average /180。t?n?ov?/ ，產(chǎn)值Sector /180。 ，全部地Cease /sis/ Allocate /180。s Daily.Farmers in Xinhua village raised 2 million yuan(about $540,000) to build a 600metre feeder railway line to speed up transport between urban and rural areas. (Xinhua)Words and ExpressionsContract /180。d?mini180。ks/ ；稅款Profit /180。s Daily reported on Thursday.The project involves kilometers of railways, with 470 kilometers of new lines to be built, 510 kilometers to be electrified and 680 kilometers doubletracked.According to Zhou Congqing, the official in charge of the project, more than 3,300hectares of land will be requisitioned and many dwellings relocated.Technicians are working on an engineering plan, and the whole project is expected to be pleted in1990. Words and ExpressionsUpgrade /180。230。 of a graphplotting display for drawing a graph of the actual train operation.The introduction of new methods aimed at running the trains strictly to the schedule will result in an overall improvement of train operations. Words and ExpressionsSummary /180。f?rs, 180。 Means /mi:nz/ 放下，使……躺下，鋪設(shè)，規(guī)定，制定Vital /180。??? ?lɑn/ Handicap /180。sol/ tik/ ，靜止的 static weight 靜載重net /n?t/ adj. 純凈的net weight 凈重 modity /k? 180。ksl/ 軸重wagon /180。laik?waiz/ adv. 同樣地 double lootive traction 雙機(jī)牽引 pusher lootive 補(bǔ)機(jī)superlong train 超長(zhǎng)列車 doubledup train 雙列組合列車trippledup train 三列組合列車 throughput /180。第四講 the wagon flowsImproving the management of wagon flows is a major way of rationalizing freight traffic.The share of forwarding goods by unit trains from freight yards to destination yards or to classification yards is now above 46% of the total .The objective has been set to further increase.One of the ways to increase substantially the number of unit trains lies with those customers who dispose of sidings linked to yards .The customer are supposed to submit to the yard superintendent the documents for shipping goods at least several days before the actual shipping .In these documents all the information concerning the goods is recorded but for the number of the wagon and the weight of the goods. After the wagons have been loaded the clerks of the yard put the numbers of wagons in such a way that groups of wagons makeup a unit train destined for a single freight yard or for a classification yard. When makingup the unit train the possibilities of the customers receiving the cargo are taken into account so that a speedy presenting of the wagon for unloading would not result in excessive delays of the wagons at the stations of destination.Based on the requests in advance for classifying the goods ,plans for 10 days and monthly plans for forming unit trains are worked out .The experience gained has shown that this method of forming unit trains is the most efficient one with regard to forwarding bulk modities such as coal ,ore ,ferous metals ,grain ,timber and so on .When appropriate cooperation is maintained between stations located closely to each other “staggered”unit trains may be formed ,that is to say one unit train may be formed on two or more stations rather than on one of them .Another widely used procedure ensuring further expanding unit train traffic is related to the planning of loading operations on a calendar this case at the stations located along a given line wagons destined for specific directions are loaded on fixed days of the week .This results in augmenting the wagon flows on the one hand contributing to making up extra unit trains and reducing the volume of classifying operations at the departing and at the destination freight yards on the other. The classification yards are releaved from extra work loads as well.The concentration of freight flows in terms of planning permanent links between freight generating regions and freight consuming regions contributes a great deal to further increasing the share of unit train traffic.Such links prove to be most effective when working out plans for forwarding such bulk modities like coal, oil products, ore, timber, grain and some other goods .This makes it possible to increase the volume of goods being forwarded in unit trains going to a single customersay, to electric power stations and to metallurgical plants. Also large specialized warehouse pounds are being set up to acmodate different types of goods .The goods for these pounds are being moves in unit trains as well.The present system of managing wagon flows in the USSR provides for concentrating classification operations at big well equip