【正文】 d to have called on you.= I had intended to call on you. 我原想來(lái)拜訪你的。t help but laugh at his 。這類形容詞有easy, hard, cheap, expensive, dangerous, difficult, funny, fit, impossible, interesting, nice, pleasant, simple, strange, useful等。 A spring mattress is fortable to slee。 John was happy to be given the job. 約翰得到這份工作很高興。do nothing but 只能cannot but禁不住……do anything but決不cannot choose but只得……cannot help but不得不His father could do nothing but wait for the doctor to arrive.We would do anything but confess(承認(rèn))our 。如：The meeting being over，we all left the room. Weather permitting，they will go and visit the zoo. So many friends being absent，we decided to put off the party. She looked at her father，tears rolling down her cheeks. He lay on his back，his hands crossed under his head.注意：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)不僅僅只有分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，還包括由不定式、形容詞、副詞或介詞構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。如：For him to get there on time is possible. I found it hard for them to finish the work in such a short time. Their hope is for Mary to live with them. There will be a lot of difficulties for them to overe. The poem is too hard for me to understand.（2）、“It is + 形容詞 + for/of sb. to do sth.”結(jié)構(gòu)中for和of的判定：在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果作表語(yǔ)的形容詞能夠說(shuō)明sb的品格、品質(zhì)時(shí)用of.，否則用for.如：It is kind of you to do it. It is easy for him to do it. 2. 動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)及用法：動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)為“名詞所有格（n39。如：He often made us copy the were often made to copy the text.3. advise，allow，permit，forbid等動(dòng)詞的后面接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，但有名詞或代詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，接不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，注意他們的被動(dòng)式結(jié)構(gòu)。 hear, listen to。t you read？”Mary said A to the notice. A、angrily pointing B、and point angrily C、angrily pointed D、and angrily pointing 此題考查了現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語(yǔ)?，F(xiàn)在分詞一般式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，與句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)是一種主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行關(guān)系；現(xiàn)在分詞一般式被動(dòng)式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，與句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)是一種被動(dòng)、進(jìn)行關(guān)系；現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式作狀語(yǔ)，與句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)是一種主動(dòng)、完成關(guān)系；現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動(dòng)式作狀語(yǔ)，與句子主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)是一種被動(dòng)、完成關(guān)系（特別強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞動(dòng)作先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生，并且有一定的時(shí)間間隔）；過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，與句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)是一種要么僅表被動(dòng)、要么僅表完成或者既表被動(dòng)又表完成的關(guān)系。如：Being followed by some officials，he went out.（）Followed by some officials，he went out.（√）（5）作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)（意料之中的結(jié)果）。如：She swept to obtain sympathy.（作目的狀語(yǔ)） She swept to hear the bad news.（作原因狀語(yǔ)）I’m pleased to meet you.（作原因狀語(yǔ)）3. 分詞作狀語(yǔ)（多作時(shí)間、條件、原因、方式和伴隨狀語(yǔ)，可以用相應(yīng)的狀語(yǔ)從句來(lái)代替）：（1）作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如：The teacher criticized the student having broken the window.（） The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window.（√） At last we found the house having been built several years ago. （）At last we found the house built several years ago.（√）The old man, having worked for 20 years, is on the way to his motherland.（√)分詞完成式作非限制性后置定語(yǔ) （五）、作狀語(yǔ)（不定式和分詞作狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別）：1. 作狀語(yǔ)的種類不同： 不定式多作目的、結(jié)果、程度和原因狀語(yǔ)；分詞多作時(shí)間、條件、原因、方式、伴隨和結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。t a pen to write with.B、不定式修飾名詞time，place，way時(shí)，不定式后面的介詞習(xí)慣上要省去。如：the way to do the work, the sleeping car/the swimming pool, falling/fallen leaves附： 1. 常用不定式作定語(yǔ)的情況：(1) 當(dāng)名詞被the first，the last等序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或no，all，any等修飾時(shí)，常用不定式的一般式作定語(yǔ)，而不管動(dòng)作是否已經(jīng)完成。動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)，常常用來(lái)說(shuō)明被修飾的詞的性質(zhì)、特征和用途，不強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間性（因?yàn)閯?dòng)名詞只能用一般主動(dòng)式作定語(yǔ)）。如：My job today is to water all the flowers in the garden. My job is teaching English. = Teaching English is my job. Chinese is interesting，so Lucy is interested in Chinese 注意：當(dāng)人作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用過(guò)去分詞作主語(yǔ)，但也可以用現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)，此時(shí)他們的意義有所不同。s rest. We were advised to take a week39。如：Wood is used to make paper. He is used to getting up early.g、can39。區(qū)別如下：a、remember/forget/regret to do sth記起/忘記/遺憾要去做某事 remember/forget/regret doing sth記起/忘記/遺憾曾經(jīng)做過(guò)某事 如：I have forgotten to bring my umbrella. I shall never forget hearing her singing that song.b、go on to do sth表示“（做完一件事之后）接著做（另一件事）”；go on doing sth表示“繼續(xù)作某事（原事）”。t bear，endure（忍耐），omit（忽略），neglect（忽視），disdain（輕視），scorn（蔑視），protect（保護(hù)），forget，go on，mean，regret，remember，stop，try，be used to，can39?，F(xiàn)在分詞修飾主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與分詞后面的名詞保持一致。如：To swim today is a good idea Eating too much is bad for your health. 2. it作形式主語(yǔ)的情況不同： 不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，?？梢杂胕t作形式主語(yǔ)，而將真正的不定式主語(yǔ)后置。一、三大非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的結(jié)構(gòu)形式及每種結(jié)構(gòu)所表達(dá)的時(shí)間概念及其主被動(dòng)關(guān)系（一）不定式名稱語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)形式時(shí)間概念及主被動(dòng)關(guān)系舉例一般式主動(dòng)（not）to do發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)之后或同時(shí)發(fā)生的主動(dòng)動(dòng)作1. I want to be a teacher. 2. I saw him go out. 被動(dòng)(not) to be done發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)之后或同時(shí)發(fā)生的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作The teacher wanted the materials to be typed soon.進(jìn)行式主動(dòng)(not) to be doing與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作He happened to be working when the boss came in.完成式主動(dòng)(not) to have done發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)之前的主動(dòng)動(dòng)作1. I happened to have e across your brother. 2. We planned to have met each other at ten. 被動(dòng)(not) to have been done發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)之前的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作1. I’m glad to have been invited to visit your factory. 2. He expects to have been told the truth yesterday.完成進(jìn)行式主動(dòng)(not) to have been doing在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)之前一直在進(jìn)行著的動(dòng)作It is a great pleasure to have been working with you.（二）動(dòng)名詞名稱語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)形式時(shí)間概念及主被動(dòng)關(guān)系舉例一般式主動(dòng)（not）doing與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生的主動(dòng)動(dòng)作或無(wú)明顯的時(shí)間性（可表經(jīng)常）1. Mike is fond of playing football. 2. Would you mind my opening the window？被動(dòng)(not) being done與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作或無(wú)明顯的時(shí)間性（可表經(jīng)常）1. He told his past without being asked2. Being scolded isn’t a good thing.完成式主動(dòng)(not) having done發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)之前的主動(dòng)動(dòng)作They were praised for having finished the work ahead of time.被動(dòng)(not) having been done發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)之前的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作I remembered having been taken to Beijing three times.（三）分詞 名稱語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)形式時(shí)間概念及主被動(dòng)關(guān)系舉例現(xiàn) 在 分 詞一般式主動(dòng)（not）doing與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生的主動(dòng)動(dòng)作Singing a song, he was watching TV.被動(dòng)(not) being done與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作Being punished, he is crying.完成式主動(dòng)(not) having done發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)之前的主動(dòng)動(dòng)作Having finished the course，we had an exam.被動(dòng)(not) having been done發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)之前的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作Having been warned several times，they became more careful in doing the job.過(guò)去分詞（not）done1. 可以只表一個(gè)被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作；2. 可以只表一個(gè)完成的動(dòng)作（即發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)之前的動(dòng)作）；3. 可以同時(shí)既表被動(dòng)又表完成的動(dòng)作（即發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)之前的動(dòng)作）；1. Seen from the hill，the town looks nice.（只表被動(dòng)） 2. The fallen leaves are yellow.（只表完成）3. The returned books looks new.（既表被動(dòng)又表完成）二、三大非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞各自所充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞? 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞具有各自不同的詞類特征，因此充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞忠哺鞑幌嗤?。如：He let me did it.（）He let me do it.（√） Lily helps m