土壤形成和發(fā)育ppt課件(存儲版)
【正文】 equally important, although within any one environment certain factors may have a more dominant influence on soil formation than others. 6 ?地帶性土壤 （ Zonalsoils） At the regional and global scale, climate and biota will have a dominant influence on soil formation, and soil types can be related in general terms to bioclimatic zones. The remaining factors will then account for variations in soil formation within a particular bioclimatic zone. Zonal soils: soil varied with latitude according to climatic and vegetation conditions. Intrazonal soils: soils were more closely associated with parent material or drainage conditions. Azonal soils: soils were poorly developed, duo mainly to lack of time. 7 全球土壤 植被景觀圖 8 全球氣溫時空變化對土壤形成的影響 9 全球降水量時空變化對土壤形成的影響 10 Surfacerock weathering Weatheringcrust（風化殼） Soil Parent material is main mineral sources of soil formation, and its nature is fundamental to many soil characteristics. 母質(zhì) (Parent material)對土壤發(fā)生的作用 Parentmaterial（母質(zhì)） Organisms active and anic matter accumulation （ pedogenic processes） 11 ? Definition of parent material 母質(zhì) 是風化殼 (weathering crust)的表層，是指原生基巖(original bedrock)經(jīng)過風化、搬運、堆積等過程于地表形成的一層疏松、最年輕的地質(zhì)礦物質(zhì)層，它是形成土壤的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)，是土壤的前身。1 UNITE 2 SOIL ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES 土壤環(huán)境過程 and Development 土壤形成和發(fā)育 Colloidal Chemistry and Surface Reaction 土壤膠體化學和表面反應(yīng) Acidity/Alkalinity and Redox Reaction 土壤酸堿性和氧化還原反應(yīng) Nutrient Cycling 土壤養(yǎng)分元素循環(huán) 2 紅壤 Soilforming factors and its functions 土壤形成因素及其在土壤發(fā)生中的作用 Pedogenic processes 土壤形成過程 Soil development 土壤發(fā)育 Formation and Development 土壤形成和發(fā)育 3 In later nieenthcentury Russia, . Dokuchaev originally identified the principal soilforming factors as climate, biota, parent material, relief and landscape age. Soilforming factors土壤形成因素 Soilforming factors and its functions 土壤形成因素及其在土壤發(fā)生中的作用 又稱成土因素，是影響土壤形成和發(fā)育的基本因素，它是一種物質(zhì)、力、條件或關(guān)系或它們的組合，其已經(jīng)對土壤形成發(fā)生影響或?qū)⒂绊懲寥赖男纬伞? 風化殼 是地殼表層的巖石經(jīng)過風化后形成的疏松堆積物。 每增加 10℃ 溫度，反應(yīng)速率可成倍增加。 ?促進土壤形成及結(jié)構(gòu)體的發(fā)展 植物根系分泌有機酸，通過溶解和根系擠壓作用破壞礦物晶格，改變礦物的性質(zhì)，促進土壤形成；并通過根系活動，促進土壤結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)展。 ? 絕對年齡 (absolute age)： 土壤在新鮮風化層或新母質(zhì)上開始發(fā)育時算起迄今所經(jīng)歷的時間（年）； ? 相對年齡 (relative age)： 土壤的發(fā)育階段或發(fā)育程度。 ?人類活動的影響可通過改變各自然因素而起作用，并可分為 有利和有害 兩個方面 。 ?土壤的個體發(fā)育
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