管理學(xué)第十二講ppt課件(存儲(chǔ)版)
【正文】 ral impression about a person is fed穩(wěn)步 on the basis of a single characteristic 169。 Prentice Hall, 2022 1431 Learning (cont.) Shaping: A Managerial Tool 行為塑造 – shape behavior by systematically reinforcing each successive step that moves the individual closer to the desired behavior 管理者通過循序漸進(jìn)的方式指導(dǎo)個(gè)體的學(xué)習(xí) ,塑造個(gè)體的行為的過程為行為塑造 – shaping acplished by: ? positive reinforcement 積極 強(qiáng)化 desired response is followed by something pleasant ? negative reinforcement 消極 強(qiáng)化 desired response followed by eliminating or withdrawing something unpleasant ? punishment 懲罰 undesirable behavior followed by something unpleasant – Extinction忽 視 no rewards follow undesired response 1432 Learning (cont.) Implications for Managers 管理者 的意義 – manage employee learning by means of rewards ? positive and negative reinforcement strengthen a desired behavior –tend to increase its frequency 增加行為頻率 ? punishment and extinction weaken an undesired behavior –tend to decrease its frequency – managers should serve as models ? set examples of the desired behavior 169。 Prentice Hall, 2022 1425 Attribution Theory Internal External Attribution of Cause External Internal External Internal Interpretation Low High Low High Low High Distinctiveness Consistency Consensus Observation Individual Behavior 169。 Prentice Hall, 2022 1418 Predicting Behavior from Personality Traits (cont.) – SelfEsteem degree of liking for oneself ? related to expectations for success自尊 與成功成正相關(guān) ? high selfesteem individuals – will take risks in job selection – more satisfied with their jobs ? low selfesteem individuals susceptible 容易 受到影響 to social influence – SelfMonitoring 自我監(jiān)控 ability to adjust one’s behavior to situational factors ? high selfmonitors can present striking明顯 contradictions between their public persona and their private selves Personality (cont.) 169。 Prentice Hall, 2022 1414 Personality (cont.) Personality Traits (cont.) – BigFive Model of Personality traits include degree of: ? Extraversion外 頃性 sociability, talkativeness, assertiveness喜愛 交際 .善于言談 /武斷自信 ? Agreeableness隨 和性 goodnatured, cooperative, trusting 和善 /與人合作 /信任 ? Conscientiousness 責(zé)任 responsibility, dependability, persistence, and achievement orientationpredicts job performance in a number of jobs ? emotional stability情緒 穩(wěn)定 calmness, enthusiasm, security 平和 /熱情 /安全 ? openness to experience開放 經(jīng)驗(yàn) imaginativeness, artistic sensitivity, and intellectualism – predicts training petency 169。 Prentice Hall, 2022 147 Attitudes (cont.) JobRelated Attitudes 管理者 只對(duì)與工作有關(guān)的態(tài)度感興趣 – job satisfaction employee’s general attitude toward her/his job 員工對(duì)自己工作的總體態(tài)度 – job involvement 工作 投入度 degree to which an employee identifies with her/his job ? degree o
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