【正文】 st dynamics of each control area during normal operation in response to the very fast deviations d(t). Only very recently, as the use of the grid has extended beyond the objectives of each control area relying solely on its own resources to balance hardtopredict demand deviations 2, the real need for online coordination across multicontrol areas is in s。 more recently, the ideas of amorphous puting have drawn on the same property. Implications of violating monotone response As the electric power grids are operated away from the conditions for which they were initially designed, they may lose the properties of monotone works. Consequently, the layeredmanaged system may fail to meet its objectives. The variations in system conditions are generally caused by both significant variations in operating conditions and/or by the major equipment failures. There is no blackandwhite line between the effects of these two, ., one cannot say that the system remains monotone for any changes in operating conditions as long as there is notopological change in the work caused by the equipment failures, and, viceversa, that any topological change would cause violations of system properties favorable to its deposition. As a matter of fact, it is well documented that often qualitative changes occur as the controllers reach their limits and the degree of controllability gets lost [7]. It is plausible that similar problems may take place if a critical measurement bees unavailable, and the system is less observable. Independent of the actual root causes of such changes in qualitative response of an electric power system, when weak interconnection conditions generally cease to hold, the hierarchical depositionbased operation may result in very unpredictable events. It is our conjecture that this was the case during the August 2021 blackout. The current approach is to rely on plicated offline simulations of similar scenarios and to use these to assist human operators with the decision making under such conditions. These offline studies are very timeconsuming and are done for prescreened mostcritical equipment failures. This preventive approach requires expensive standby reserves that, no matter how large, do not ensure guaranteed performance [8, 9, 101. 3. Mult iLayered Modeling, Estimation and Control Approach to Managing Electric Power Networks Over Broad Ranges of Operating Conditions In this section we introduce fundamental modeling for managing plex electric power works over broad ranges of operating conditions and equipment status. Our modeling is structurebased, and it represents an outgrowth of our structurebased modeling initially developed for the enhanced operation of the electric power grids [12, 131. Moreover, our modeling approach builds upon existing hierarchical models by explicitly relaxing the conditions of monotone response. The monotone response conditions are conceptually relaxed in two steps: (1) by enhancing the logic of the local equipment controllers [15, 161 to ensure stabilization over broad ranges of quasistationary conditions。s operat ion of hierarchical systems Complex power grids are currently operated as hierarchical systems under strong assumptions concerning temporal and spatial separation. Both temporal and spatial simplifications are fundamentally based on APPLIED MATHEMATICS FOR POWER SYSTEMS weak interconnections between the subworks potentially achieved through the work design. Consequently, the supporting models for subworks and the work as a whole exhibit general properties of monotone dynamic systems 131. At the equilibrium, monotone systems decrease the magnitude of their state response when the magnitude of the disturbance increases. For example, when electric demand increases, voltage decreases. This must be accounted for when designing the controllers. Controllers then need to have gains that decrease the demand in order to bring voltage up. Temporal separation in hierarchical work systems is further induced by: (1) the operation of fast controllers to stabilize the system dynamics by controlling the local outputs of the individual ponents。 and (2) rigorous temporal and spatialmodel reductions of the initially very large models for quasistationary estimation of the changing conditions and for the regulation of the setpoints of all available controllers according to the information provided through the estimation. Based on these models, a multilayered multirate IT infrastructure is proposed in support of protocols for (1) auto108 APPLIED MATHEMATICS FOR POWER SYSTEMS mated estimation of ongoing changes in operating ranges and equipment status using carefully placed sensors and munications equipment。 instead, more online information gathering and active decision making at various layers of the grid are needed. The proposed generalization is introduced by relaxing some critical assumptions underlying current operating practices, and by deriving layers of models so that each model can capture the events and phenomena in the power grid at the spatial and temporal scales that are appropriate for each level of decision. These models are used for quasistationary state estimation and automated control for the system to adjust smoothly to ongoing changes. This is in sharp contrast to today39。 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論 文） 外 文 參 考 資 料 及 譯 文 譯文題目： 自動(dòng)化操作的大型電力系統(tǒng)廣大范圍 的市場(chǎng)供需和設(shè)備的運(yùn)行狀況 學(xué)生姓名： 朱禮梅 學(xué) 號(hào)： 0921410039 專 業(yè)： M09 電氣工程及其自動(dòng)化 所在學(xué)院： 金陵科技學(xué)院 指導(dǎo)教 師： 陳麗娟 職 稱： 2021 年 3 月 19 日 說(shuō)明： 要求學(xué)生結(jié)合畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）課題參閱一篇以上的外文資料，并翻譯至少一萬(wàn)印刷符（或譯出 3 千漢字）以上的譯文。 decisions。s control is designed fail to hold. These models a