【正文】 ...........................13 PA66 應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀 ..........................................................................13 國(guó)外現(xiàn)狀 ........................................................................13 國(guó)內(nèi)狀況 ........................................................................13 市場(chǎng)預(yù)測(cè) ...................................................................................14 結(jié) 論 .....................................................................................................15 謝 辭 .......................................................................................................16 參考文獻(xiàn) .................................................................................................17 外文資料翻譯 .........................................................................................19 偶奇聚酰胺 PA 6,9 的電介體松弛和鐵電行為 ..................................35 洛陽(yáng)理工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 1 前 言 聚酰胺是美國(guó)杜邦公司最先開(kāi)發(fā)的用于纖維的樹(shù)脂，于 1939 年實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)化生產(chǎn)。由于用它制成的工 程塑料 具有比重小，化學(xué)性能穩(wěn)定，機(jī)械性能良好，電絕緣性能優(yōu)越，易加工成 型等眾多優(yōu)點(diǎn)， 因此， 被廣泛應(yīng)用于汽車(chē)、電子電器、機(jī)械儀器儀表等工業(yè)領(lǐng)域，其后續(xù)加工前景廣闊。尼龍 66 的第二大應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域是電子電器工業(yè)，消耗量占總量的 22%，其用途包括電器外殼、各類(lèi)插件、接線(xiàn)柱等。所以反應(yīng)中后期降至常壓乃至負(fù)壓進(jìn)行縮聚。 4. 預(yù)熱器 。為了增強(qiáng)后工序紡絲的拉伸性能 , 物料在進(jìn)入減壓器前注入約 20μg/g 的 TiO2。為了提高后工序生產(chǎn)的工業(yè)絲耐熱、紡絲性能 , 往聚合釜加料的同時(shí) , 添加一定量的碘化鉀 (850μg/g)、碘化亞銅(60μg/g)與己內(nèi)酰胺的混合液。 6. 濃縮槽； 7. 熱交換器； 8. A 聚合釜； 9. B 聚合釜； 10. 鑄帶切粒機(jī) 3. 紡絲工藝 干切片熔融后 , 經(jīng)壓縮、均化、計(jì)量后以一定壓力擠出螺桿機(jī)頭通過(guò)管道分配進(jìn)入各個(gè)紡絲箱 , 經(jīng)計(jì)量泵、組件后噴出 , 噴出的熔體細(xì)流經(jīng)冷卻固化成形后 , 經(jīng)甬道進(jìn)入牽伸機(jī)。 化學(xué)性質(zhì) 尼龍能耐大多數(shù)鹽類(lèi)，但強(qiáng)酸和氧化劑能侵蝕尼龍，不溶于普通有機(jī)溶劑（如苯、汽油及煤焦油等）和油脂。噴嘴須加熱，防止堵塞。 【 3】 洛陽(yáng)理工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 8 第 3 章 PA66 的改性 尼龍 66(PA66) 是聚酰胺家族中開(kāi)發(fā)較早、產(chǎn)量最大、應(yīng)用最廣的品種之一。物理改性是一種簡(jiǎn)單、快捷、經(jīng)濟(jì)的改性方法，可以在加工過(guò)程中自行實(shí)現(xiàn)，因而被廣泛采用。該產(chǎn)品可用于生產(chǎn)耐溫、耐沖擊、自潤(rùn)滑的工程塑料制品，如發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)排氣罩、汽車(chē)塑料件、機(jī)器零件等 [5]。該改性切片具有拉伸強(qiáng)度大、彎曲強(qiáng)度大、沖擊強(qiáng)度高、成型收縮率小等優(yōu)異性能，其力學(xué)性能超過(guò)短玻璃纖維增強(qiáng)增韌尼龍 66 的性能，已達(dá)到了汽車(chē)專(zhuān)用料標(biāo)準(zhǔn) [7]。該共混物可作為汽車(chē)外板材料、車(chē)輪罩蓋等。 1. 尼龍 66 增塑改性 尼龍 66 在室溫下干燥時(shí)，其玻璃化溫度將降低；當(dāng)溫度超過(guò)玻璃化溫度時(shí)，尼龍 66 的韌性、柔性將隨溫度的升高而增加。 尼龍 66 熱穩(wěn)定改性 應(yīng)用于尼龍 66中的熱穩(wěn)定劑與一般意義上塑料熱穩(wěn)定劑不同，主要是指抗氧化劑。聚酰胺帶有極性較強(qiáng)的酰胺基團(tuán)， 與非極性的聚烯烴類(lèi)彈性體共混時(shí)，兩相之間的相容性較差相分離現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重，的開(kāi)發(fā)研制成為合金性能提高的主要制約因素。１９３８年建立了試驗(yàn)工廠．１９３９年建立工業(yè)化生產(chǎn)裝置并投入運(yùn)營(yíng)。到９０年代，神馬又分別引進(jìn)意大利 和日本的 生產(chǎn)技術(shù)，建設(shè)了己二胺、己二酸、６６鹽和聚合等系列配套項(xiàng)目，使中國(guó)的尼龍６６生產(chǎn)日漸規(guī)范化和技術(shù)領(lǐng)先化。同時(shí)能生產(chǎn)阻燃 (特別是無(wú)鹵阻燃 )PA 品級(jí)的廠家增多 ,可供用戶(hù)選擇的產(chǎn)品也增多。 (3) 以 PA6 為主的食品包裝膜 該產(chǎn)品 應(yīng)用前景看好 ,雙向拉伸 PA 薄膜具有良好的抗穿刺性、對(duì)氧和二氧化碳的阻隔性及耐蒸煮性 ,用作共擠出多層膜的芯膜 ,可延長(zhǎng)食品的保質(zhì)期 ,需求量會(huì)穩(wěn)步增長(zhǎng) ,并從最初開(kāi)發(fā)、應(yīng)用的日本擴(kuò)大到其它國(guó)家和地區(qū)【 16】。聚酰胺改性技術(shù)進(jìn)展，科教前沿， 2020 第 29 期：4343 [14] 李鵬洲．共聚尼龍 66/6 的開(kāi)發(fā)和應(yīng)用 [J]．第三屆中日工程塑料技術(shù) 變 流 [15] 王良，尼龍６６行業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展，第二屆國(guó)際化工新材料（天津）峰會(huì) [16] 唐偉家，世界聚酞胺工程塑料市場(chǎng)及預(yù)測(cè)，工程塑料應(yīng)用， 2020洛陽(yáng)理工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文 18 年第 31 卷，第二期， 5757 19 外文資料翻譯 Dielectric relaxations and ferroelectric beh aviou r of even odd polyamide PA 6,9 JeanFabien Capsal, Eric Dantras*, Jany Dandurand, Colette Lacabanne Laboratoire de Physique des Polym232。39。 formalism, the MWS peak is sometimes hidden by the conductivity rise. TSC analyses were carried out on a TSC/RMA analyser. For recording plex thermograms, the sample was polarized by an electrostatic field Ep= 1 1 during tp=2 min over a temperature range from the polarization temperature Tp = 90℃ down tothe freezing temperature T0=— 16 0℃ . Then the fi eld was turned off and the depolarization current was recorded with a constant heating rate (qh =+ 7℃ .min1), the equivalent frequency of the TSC spectrum was feq~102— 103Hz. Elementary TSC thermograms were recorded with a poling 22 window of 5℃ . Then thefi eld was removed and the sample cooled down to a temperature Tcc = Tp — 30℃ . The depolarization current was recorded with a constant heating rate qh .The series of elementary thermograms was recorded by shifting the poling window by 5℃ towards higher temperature. . Ferroelectric analyses For ferroelectric measurements, fi lms were colddrawn at room temperature. In order to prevent voltage breakdown during the poling procedure, the samples were covered by Castor oil and measurements were made at low pressure (p= 2 10 4hPa). The samples were poled under triangular shape electric fi eld at room temperature. Piezoelectric measurements were carried out using a PM 200 piezometer supplied by Piezotest, with a strength of N at 110 Hz in frequency. The piezoelectric coeffi cient d33 is measured in the same direction than the polarizati on fi eld. Pyroelectric measurements were performed by a Keithley femtoamperemeter. The samples were shortcircuited during 5 min at room temperature and cooled to 170℃ . They were heated up to 100℃ with a constant heating rate qh to eliminate thermally stimulated currents. Then, they were cooled again to 170℃ and the pyrocurrent was recorded as a function of temperature. The pyroelectric coeffi cient p is proportional to the heating rate and to the sample surface as indicated by its definition: where i(T) is the current (A) as a function of temperature, S is the surface area (m2). Piezoelectric measurements were carried out af ter the pyroelectric tests to prevent any spontaneous poling effect (internal stresses). 3. Results and discussion . Dielectric relaxation 23 . Isothermal dielectric response The molecular dynamics of the dipolar entities of PA 6,9 in the high frequency range has been analyzed by dynamic dielectric spectroscopy. The dielectric modulus losses M39。2) (2) In the modulus formalism, Maxwelle Wagnere Sillars (MWS) polarization which usually occurs in heterogeneous systems like semicrystalline polymers [14, 15]is observed as a mode. In the ε39。39。再次感謝幫助過(guò)我的老師和師父?jìng)?。目前歐洲汽車(chē)廠應(yīng)用 PA 吸氣歧管走在前列 ,預(yù)計(jì)美國(guó)和其它地區(qū)會(huì)很快跟上?！?15】 市場(chǎng)預(yù)測(cè) 為了提高 PA 同其它材料 (包括工程塑料 )的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力擴(kuò)大應(yīng)用范圍 ,提高市場(chǎng)占有份額 ,通常從提高制品性能、降低成本和有利于環(huán)境這三個(gè)方面改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品品級(jí)和性能 ,如 DuPoni、 D S M、 Rhodia、東麗公司等 PA 樹(shù)脂生產(chǎn)廠家都先后推出了快速成型品級(jí) ,縮短了成型周 期 ,降低了生產(chǎn)成本 。 國(guó)內(nèi)狀況 我國(guó)尼龍６６的發(fā)展是從７０年代后期才開(kāi)始的，先是遼陽(yáng)石油化纖公司從法國(guó)羅地亞引進(jìn)了己二腈、 己二胺、６６鹽以及聚合等技術(shù)，開(kāi)始了中國(guó)式的尼龍６６產(chǎn)業(yè)化生產(chǎn)。 【 14】