【正文】 slopes too long for driving fort and safety. For this reason the crossing by an immersed tunnel with its position just under the seabed has been a logical choice. Figure 3. Longitudinal section of the link Geotechnical The geological strata vary along the tunnel alignment but top down typical consist of marine clay followed by marine sand and gravel on top of the bedrock. Marine clay is forming the seabed along the immersed tunnel alignment except in the near shore areas where outcrops of bedrock and shallow sand and gravel layers are found. The thickness of the marine clay exceeds 20 m along most of the immersed tunnel alignment. Most of the immersed tunnel will consequently be founded in this layer. The marine clay prises normally consolidated to slightly overconsolidated soft structured clays. These clays have been deposited during the Holocene epoch. The major part of the marine clay, from seabed down, is very soft to soft and of very high plasticity to extremely high plasticity. The marine clay plasticity index ranges from 56% to 85% with an average of 68%. The range of saturated unit weights of marine clay is to , with a mean value of N/ m3. Marine conditions The site is exposed to the Pacific Ocean via the Korean Strait and the Sea Of Japan at the South. This affects the marine conditions on site. An impression is given below by the 10000 years return period hydrological conditions for the south wave direction. The maximum design wave height Hs is 9,20 m and the corresponding mean wave period Tm is 15 sec. The principle wave direction due to typhoons is South. The current is mainly influenced by the tide, which is a typically semidiurnal type with a spring tide range of 1,60 m with a maximum current of m/sec at the tunnel alignment. The waves on site prise three main ponents: Locally generated wind waves, mainly from the northwest and northeast during the winter season。 The subsoil is characterised by its extreme weakness. And in addition to this the construction method by an unknown phenomenon in South Korea. Tunnel alignment From the deepest point the alignment climbs over 95m to the highest elevation of the cable stayed bridge over the main navigation channel. Maximum gradient is 4,73%, a little less pared to the gradient towards the east portal at Gaduk island which is 5%. Both exceed the maximum design gradient under standard conditions of 4%. The gradient at the west side of the tunnel alignment conflicts with the design objective to place the tunnel under the seabed. Due to a local depression in the seabed at about 350 meters east of the western portal the underside of the tunnel structure is positioned about 8 m above the original seabed. The preliminary soil investigations indicated the tunnel. More detailed soil investigations during 2020 屆土木工程（隧道及軌道）畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯 16 The tunnel section of BusanGeoje Link is special for many artical above has introduced the project and highlights these special go far beyond today39。 The tunnel trench reaches to a depth of about 50m below mean water level。 Construction Co. Ltd. as the leading pany of the concessionaire. The joint venture TEC/Halcrow is appointed as Technical Advisor and as such involved from the start of the project. In the joint venture Halcrow and TEC take care of the bridge and tunnel related aspects respectively. 2020 屆土木工程（隧道及軌道）畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)在寫(xiě)就本文的時(shí)候尚有很多問(wèn)題未全部解決，但是最根本的設(shè)計(jì)已經(jīng)完成。沿岸工程通常是同時(shí)制作 4 根樁以形成一個(gè) 的正方形區(qū)域。 增加的有效應(yīng)力可能超過(guò)預(yù)期估計(jì)，這意味著因硬土的減少導(dǎo)致的沉降增加風(fēng)險(xiǎn)（二次壓縮指數(shù)與壓縮指數(shù)的比例幾近達(dá)到了 14）。通常情況下，沉管隧道、回填土和保護(hù)層土石材料的重量會(huì)比開(kāi)挖基坑時(shí)的掘出物重量小。 為了減小保護(hù)層的厚度和重量，我們將 Coreloc? 材料應(yīng)用于隧道最易受影響的部分（位于 Gaduk 到一側(cè)的最初的三個(gè)節(jié)段）。所以需要建立一個(gè)天氣和海浪預(yù)報(bào)系統(tǒng) 以便 在沉放過(guò)程中預(yù)測(cè)浪高。為了準(zhǔn)確量化這些力和海浪運(yùn)動(dòng)，我們建立了一個(gè)數(shù)值化的波浪模型并且分析了該地區(qū) 10 年的波浪數(shù)據(jù)。但是這種挖泥船的最大挖掘深得只能達(dá)到 30m。按照設(shè)計(jì)，沉管的橫截面應(yīng)該有一部分處于壓應(yīng)力作用之下，以抵御海水的侵入。計(jì)劃采用的通過(guò)移動(dòng)已澆注管段來(lái)制作沉管的方法被認(rèn)為可操作性和經(jīng)濟(jì)性不好。 在設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程 中更詳細(xì)的土壤調(diào)查顯示凹陷處的海洋粘土延伸范圍更大。 隧道線(xiàn)形 從線(xiàn)路最低點(diǎn)到主航道處斜拉橋最高點(diǎn)的爬升高度為 95m。這就解釋了為什么在如此大的范圍內(nèi)，韓國(guó)的地震危害評(píng)級(jí)被定為低級(jí)。 洋流主要受潮 汐的影響，這是一個(gè)典型的半日潮，最大潮高達(dá)到 ，流速 ，流向與隧道走向一致。這些粘土形成于全新世。 鑒于 Daejuk 島 和 Gaduk 島之間相對(duì)較為陡峭的海岸， 開(kāi)挖 作業(yè) 又是在海床 以 下 25至 30 米 處 ， 這就 使得工程無(wú)法滿(mǎn)足兩島之間的對(duì)準(zhǔn)開(kāi)挖 。 Halcrow 與 TEC 兩個(gè)合資公司分別 負(fù)責(zé)關(guān)于橋梁和隧道建設(shè)方面的技術(shù)問(wèn)題。釜山 — 巨濟(jì)交通系統(tǒng) 將在 巨濟(jì)島與 Gaduk 島之間提供一條連接，使 其 成為連接釜山新港地區(qū)至巨濟(jì)島的雙重高速公路體系的 一 部分。本文突出論述了這些特點(diǎn)以及闡述在土木和結(jié)構(gòu)方面的問(wèn)題。 2020 屆土木工程（隧道及軌道）畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 可以預(yù)見(jiàn)的是這項(xiàng)工程將會(huì)開(kāi)創(chuàng)沉 管隧道施工技術(shù)的新局面。巨濟(jì)島西側(cè)目前已經(jīng)與朝鮮半島相連，在本項(xiàng)連接工程完工之后，從釜山市到巨濟(jì)島的駕車(chē)時(shí)間將由原來(lái)的 2 小時(shí)縮短為現(xiàn)在的 45 分鐘。 TEC/Halcrow等合資公司作為技術(shù)顧問(wèn)，從工程開(kāi)始便參與該項(xiàng)工程。兩條次級(jí)航道的水深均為 16m。 海洋粘土包括正常固結(jié)和輕微超固結(jié)的軟粘土。這種由臺(tái)風(fēng)引起的海浪是向南運(yùn)動(dòng)的。然而，只有很少的幾次大地震被記錄下來(lái)。 此外，本隧道的施工方法尚未在韓國(guó)有過(guò)實(shí)際應(yīng)用的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。 初步的土壤調(diào)查 表明， 海洋粘土 的 厚度 在其 最薄處可 以 通過(guò)人工改良，使 它的強(qiáng)度得到提高以 滿(mǎn)足埋藏隧道的受力要求。為了節(jié)省單元管段的造價(jià)，原用于厄勒海峽隧道的沉管單元的制作方法被考慮在其中。盡管在修建埋深超過(guò) 26m 的沉管隧道上欠缺經(jīng)驗(yàn)，但是從技術(shù)上來(lái)講這仍然是可行的。外文翻譯 6 大多數(shù)沉管隧道的基坑都是由絞吸式挖泥船挖掘的。 沉管操作面臨的最大挑戰(zhàn)是潮汐的作用，它會(huì)對(duì)沉管節(jié)段的拖運(yùn)，受力和沉放設(shè)備產(chǎn)生影響。與固定在基坑中的管段相結(jié)合的附加壓載倉(cāng)需要保證沉管單元的安全，并且還要考慮到沉放過(guò)程中的操作、固定和基坑回填。水工模型試驗(yàn)表明，需要預(yù)制超過(guò) 30 噸重的人造巖石塊體。非常軟弱的海洋粘土和 高塑性結(jié)合其低飽和重度，低固結(jié)度和土體的結(jié)構(gòu)性質(zhì)決定了基礎(chǔ)施工方法的最終選擇。這樣做的結(jié)果是 增加 了 回填土的有效應(yīng)力和回填土與隧道的沉降。這種樁的直徑取決于所使用的設(shè)備。并非所有的特殊設(shè)計(jì)在工程開(kāi)始之前就已經(jīng)被全面地 考慮到，而是隨著工程的進(jìn)行同步設(shè)計(jì)的。 the population grew over the recent years to 3,7 million inhabitants in the city (4,6 million in the agglomeration). The density of population is 4850 inhabitants/km2 which is about threequarter of the density of Hong Kong. The options for expansion are limited due to its geographic location. The Busan – Geoje Link has to create a direct link between Geoje Island and the city of Busan with the objective to allow Busan to